Audience expectations Essay

In this essay I will discuss how Arthur Miller set out the first scene of the play, ‘The Crucible’ to prepare the audience for what the play is about, and how well he did this. I will look at the dramatic devices, language etc.  The play ‘The Crucible’ has strong links with the USA in the 1950’s when communism was a problem. The name of the play creates parallels between Salem 1692 and the USA 1950s. A definition of crucible can be, â€Å"used to extract impurities† this is related Salem 1692 because the judges and townsfolk were trying to purify the village from witches whilst Joseph McCarthy was trying to purify the USA of communists. People’s views and opinions have not changed since the 1600s and people believe only one way is right, communists and witches are both evil and therefore should be rid of, this is what miller is trying to portray about the world. No-one gets a chance to prove themselves or prove they are good and mean no harm. If you are a witch or a communist you are evil and it’s not acceptable therefore the only thing to do it get rid of them. This is shown in the play by the fact that lots of people in the village are being accused of witchery, and you die whether you have an excuse or proof that your not a witch, if you admit it you are saved but have to promise you want to come back to the lord but if you are truly faithful to the lord such as goody Proctor, you will not falsely admit to being a witch and therefore will be killed. Miller uses dramatic devices in the play ‘The Crucible’, one of these devices is dramatic irony. This is when the audience knows something about a certain character but the other characters don’t. They are like secrets no one knows apart from the characters involved. This creates tension as it seems as I everyone is hiding something. Miller uses this technique when the audience knows that Proctor and Abigail had an affair but the other characters are not aware. The audience then gets frustrated because it seems so obvious to them and they want to tell the characters what’s going on. He also uses this when the characters don’t know that Abigail is lying and the accusations are not real. The audience think it is so simple to realise what is going on because they know there is no such thing a witches. And the audience knows that dramatic irony is a clear device used throughout the play. Exits and entrances are also used in the crucible; this is so the characters can have their private conversations like Abigail and Proctor. This creates confusion between the characters as they all have secrets, this then creates panic of others finding out and this panic can grow like Abigail’s panic grew for her being found out to be untruthful. This panic grew and grew until she was confessing random names/accusations. â€Å"I saw goody Sibber with the devil!†, â€Å"I saw Goody Hawkins with the devil!†, â€Å"I saw Goody Bibber with the devil!†, â€Å"I saw Goody Booth with the devil† † The audience however would know that Abigail and her friends are making it up because there is no such thing as witches. Another technique is the use of offstage action these are events that are not shown but they are mentioned. This is like the affair between Proctor and Abigail, this happens before the play begins. Also the audience doesn’t see the dancing in the forest they only hear about it, they don’t see it. This is the driving force behind the story; the audience are intrigued by what is going on.  At the beginning of the play there is an overture, Miller begins the play by describing the setting and the scenery in detail, this is so the audience can see what it is like and will help them understand what is going on in the play. â€Å"A narrow window on the left† the detail is important in linking the beginning with the rest of the play, as later on in the play, Betty uses the window, previously described to attempt to jump out of, screaming â€Å"mama†, and this shows hysteria in the play, it is obvious to the audience that introducing themes of witchcraft will cause hysteria. â€Å"Uncle, themes of witchcraft are all about†, all the rumours of witchcraft could have calmed down if Abigail hadn’t said Betty had fainted, which is a blatant lie because she didn’t know Ruth had apparently ‘fainted’ as well. â€Å"We did dance uncle†, a bad mistake by Abigail, letting Parris know he was right he was right and therefore giving him more to suspect about witchcraft, â€Å"and when you leapt out of the bush so suddenly, Betty was frightened and then she fainted†.

Importance of Sex Education in School

Many parents are against sex education being taught within the schools. Sex is a very sensitive subject. Many parents feel that it is not appropriate to teach children these  ¡Ã‚ §facts of life ¡ at such a young age. Shouldn ¡t one wait for marriage to learn about these things any way? The overwhelming fact is that a growing number of teens especially are thinking about and even having sexual encounters. Should sex education be taught in school? Some say that is no longer the question, but rather how should it be taught. Over 93% of all public high schools currently offer courses on sexuality or HIV. More than 510 junior or senior high schools have school-linked health clinics, and more than 300 schools make condoms available on campus. (Sex Education in the Schools) The following is a discussion of the many questions associated with teaching sex education at school. 1. Why do youth need sex education? – The United States has more than double the teenage pregnancy rate of any western industrialized country. More than a million teenagers become pregnant annually. In addition, teenagers have the highest rates of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) of any age group. In fact, one in four young people contract an STD by the age of 21.(Sex Education in Schools) 2. Why should schools be involved in sex education? – Most parents still avoid the issue. Keeping children ignorant endangers their lives ¡Xespecially for the millions of teens who have already begun having sex. An overwhelming 61% of male high school students and 48% of female high school students fit in this category. (CDC, U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Sexual Behavior Among High School Students, What You Should Know About Sexuality Education) 3. If sexuality education is so useful, why are so many teens still having sex and getting pregnant? – It is also the product of the child ¡s environment and experiences that leads them down a certain path. The total responsibility cannot be placed on school education. Here are some tips provided by Planned Parenthood for parents dealing with the issue of sex with their children. (National Family Sexuality Education Month) „h Be open and respectful about your child ¡s questions „h Examine your values about sexuality Here are some scary STDs, Sexually Transmitted Diseases, which teens should be aware of: „ « HIV – Human Immunodeficiency Virus. This weakens your immune system, making you susceptible to any other virus or bacterial germ in creation. HIV leads to AIDS, which is fatal and is now the leading cause of death in America with no cure or vaccine available. (Three Scary STDs) HIV is passed through blood, semen, vaginal fluids, and breast milk. „ « CHLAMYDIA- It's called the â€Å"invisible STD† because a large percentage of people who have it don't show symptoms. Chlamydia is bacterial, so it can be treated in its early stages with antibiotics. However, if left untreated, it can leave you sterile. „ « GENITAL WARTS – A type of the Human Papilloma Virus. Some types of this virus cause warts, others show NO symptoms. There are 60 different types altogether. Luckily, there are a number of ways to treat it. However, even with treatment, the warts can always recur. Condoms do offer some protection, but viruses can â€Å"shed† on areas not covered by the condom. (Three Scary STDs)

Come on work

Literary Analysis and Composition Semester finals Agenda Complete part 1 of the finals in the quiz manager. Review answers for part 1 as a means to review for part 2. Review best practices for answering the part 2. Surprise Semester final, Part 1 There are 15 questions on this part of the test. I will give you 22 minutes to complete the test. Do your best but don't linger on a question long. If you don't know the answer take a guess and move on. Part 2 Question 1: Consider the events of Shakespearean Macbeth and the attest of the title character and his wife.Which character?Macbeth or Lady Macbeth?deserves more blame for their fall? Which character is more influenced by the other? Which character suffers more? Justify your responses with examples from the text. Write at lease five sentences. Step 1: Pick a character, Macbeth or Lady Macbeth. Step 2: Describe why the character you chose deserves more blame for their fall. Step 3: Describe how your character is more influenced by the o ther character. 2 Step 4: Describe why your character suffers more. Make sure to use examples for all of these.Question 2: Consider the conflict faced by the protagonist in one of the novels that you read this semester. In a response of no less than three paragraphs, explain this conflict, its development, and how the protagonist deals with it, as well as how the conflict is ultimately resolved. Include examples from least five sentences. Step 1: Pick a character from the novel you read. The text in your response where appropriate. Write at Step 2: Identify and explain your character's conflict and how that conflict develops.Step 3: Explain how your character deals with that conflict and how it is resolved in the end. Make sure to use examples. Surprise!! If you have a 90% or higher in the course you are exempt from the part 2 (if you are watching this recording you must take the part 1). If you have a 75 – 89% in the course you may choose one of the two part 2 questions and answer only that question. Next Week All finals are due by Thursday, May 22nd at midnight. No C but Ms. Bianca and I will hold one 2 hour tutor stay.

Critical review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Critical review - Essay Example This review takes into consideration the issues of equity, diversity and contemporary science education highlighted by the writers and analyzes the findings, arguments and results written by the writers of the article. The research questions given in the study are many in number and are: â€Å"How did these beginning teachers attempt to engage all students in talking and thinking about the nature of science, science concepts, and scientific practices? What reasons did they provide for content selected and strategies implemented? In particular, how did the recently adopted state science content standards shape their curricular and pedagogical decisions? How did the materials and strategies beginning teachers used resonate or conflict with those taught in their preservice science education courses? From what other sources did these beginning teachers draw inspiration or information?† (Bianchini, et. al, 2003, 423). These research questions are important and interesting because in asking these, the writers have tried to explore how the beginning teachers try to teach their students about the nature of science, its contemporary implementation and the adoption of strategies in terms of equity an d diversity. For people who are related to education sector, this study is very interesting because of its vastness and the posed questions related to contemporary science teaching dealing with equity and diversity. The methods adopted for data collection by the researchers of the study were qualitative interviewing, videotaping lectures and audio-taping interviews. The design of the study was very clear as the researchers were quite aware about the methodology they were going to adopt and they used it tactfully. The research was conducted by attending various teaching sessions by the first year teachers, by interviewing them about their adopted strategies in their teaching and in terms of their implementing various steps for equity and diversity related to

MODERN AFRICAN HISTORY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

MODERN AFRICAN HISTORY - Essay Example With the invasion of Spain, agriculture, engineering, mining, scholar ship, industry, architecture and industry was brought to it. This made Spain a learning center in Europe for many hundred of years. Next, Egypt was in the line of invasion. It was in 11th century, when the Arab culture dominated the Berber culture (Diop, 41). The influence of Arabic language and Islam made strong roots in Northern Africa. Islam is further spread towards South, West and East Africa. The result is that within short span, great civilizations are born in the continent of Africa. The trade, institutions for scholars seeking knowledge, riches of gold, salt trade was present at that time. Architecture developed, societies flourished, African culture mingled with Islam to give a legacy of rich history to the world for later people. Ibn Battuta visited Africa and was impressed with its immense culture and advance society. He was impressed with the beautiful Alexandria’s busy harbor. He described the pyramids as firm carvings of stones with great height. It was wider at the base while slowly narrows upwards. When he came to east Africa, he landed at Zeila which was the harbor of Christian Kingdom of Ethiopia. He felt that Zeila was the dirtiest town in the whole world. He further tells us that the stench in Zeila was due to blood of camels that were butchered and the quantity of fish. About the Swahili, he writes that kings, intellectual, officers, as well as port workers, agricultural workers, artists and slaves were black people who spoke African languages in their daily life. On slavery he writes that the ruler of Kilwa was a very generous and kind king. He further states that he was man of great human morals who used to eat with his poor brothers and respected everyone (Diop, 61). When he visited West Africa, he first visited Cairo. He wrote about Cairo as being a city which spent gold in its market. He also wrote that at that time West Africa produced almost two

"Taylor Rule and Inflation Targeting" Coursework

"Taylor Rule and Inflation Targeting" - Coursework Example Indeed, the rule reckons how the Federal Reserve System has raised the funds rate in responding to inflation. Moreover, the rule recognizes an output gap and observed inflation where the Federal Reserve manipulates the output gap to control inflation (Hetzel, 2000). However, there is uncertainty on whether the Taylor rule can offer fundamental explanation on future inflation rates especially in America. On the other hand, the central bank can use inflation targeting as a monetary policy. Inflation targeting influences the economy since it controls increase in price levels (Jahan, 2015). Indeed, if central bank in the U.S. used inflation targeting, it would declare a target inflation rate and seek to control the actual inflation toward the target inflation by regulating interest rates, which would consequently influence price levels. This will equally lead to a transparent monetary policy since the interest rates changes adopted by the central bank will foster clear and opposite inflation rates (Jahan, 2015). As such, under inflation targeting policy, the American economy would be more transparent and increasingly stable. The use of inflation targeting by the central bank in U.S would enable the economy to respond to economic shocks in the short run since inflation targeting entails â€Å"rules† and â€Å"discretion† in monetary policy (Jahan, 2015). Hetzel, R. L. (2000). The Taylor Rule: Is It a Useful Guide to Understanding Monetary Policy? Retrieved from

Statement of Interest Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Statement of Interest - Essay Example That marked a day that not only changed the United States as a nation but also inevitably awakened in me a deeper consciousness of the necessity in addressing this ubiquitous issue. I intend to use the knowledge that I have gained in understanding terrorism in correlation to international relations to more substantial application that goes beyond the four corners of the classroom. As a nation, it had been an imperative function for us to communicate and develop ties with other nations. In the process, there had been friendships that were forged and there had been those, countries or groups, who reviled such extension of amity. Security is an integral fact that must be given due attention in our diplomatic discourse. To this end, I know that there is no better opportunity for me than to work and train under your good office. I have been working as an emergency medical technician in the past six years and in that period of time I have learned that there is nothing more precious than human life. The inhumane acts of terrorism serve no purpose but to instil fear in innocent civilians. This is where my fervour toward counterterrorism and the indispensability of security

Dangerous Virus of the 21st Century Dissertation

Dangerous Virus of the 21st Century - Dissertation Example It has also to be appreciated that the virus is even a health risk to the researchers and this may account for the seemingly almost absence research on finding either its cure or treatment. All in all, it can be said that even though the disease is fairly widely known among the medical community, the general public appears not to have enough information and this was clear during the recent outbreak. Going forward, it will be interesting to note the efforts that will be directed towards the disease in the coming months and years given that the latest Ebola outbreak appears to have come under control. The outbreak of Ebola virus in parts of West Africa, and specifically Liberia, Sierra Leone and Guinea surprised the world and filled people with fear. This is because, for the first time, the scale of the outbreak was simply unprecedented (Bradford, 2014, Close, 1995). Many people like never before were affected and killed by the virus, and within days, it had captured the attention of the world. According to several studies, Ebola virus can first be traced to an outbreak in 1976 which affected Sudan and former Zaire (now the Democratic Republic of Congo or simply DRC) (CDC, 2015, Bradford, 2014 and Cohen, 2001). The name Ebola came from the Ebola River which is found in the DRC (Cohen, 2001). Ebola is a viral disease, popularly known as Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever. It is fatal if left untreated, and fatalities can reach up to 90 percent of the cases (Close, 1995). The most important fact is that Ebola has no known cure and can only be managed by ensuring that the patient is hydrated as it involves a lot of loss of the body fluids. Ebola outbreaks in the past have mainly been confined to rural areas where populations are mostly sparse. This is perhaps why the previous outbreaks were easily contained after a few deaths (Centre for Health Protection, 2014).

Ethical Issues in Organizational Behavior Research Paper

Ethical Issues in Organizational Behavior - Research Paper Example What is even more significant is that the ethical issues are given the cover by the human resources management domains so that the organization continues to grow as a whole. It would put the organization in a quandary if there are gross ethical transgressions and the employees are unwilling to give their honest selves within the undertakings and tasks that they undertake in an organization. The complexity of the debate is present because the organizations cannot let go of this premise at all yet have to tell the employees time and again where they are lacking and what they need to do in order to move ahead positively. Individual influences have a good amount of say within the ethical behavior that is being drafted by the employees in their personal capacities. This means that the employees are either being ethical or completely opposite of the same premise. This has been researched upon within several organizations and the conclusion has been derived from the ethical capacities which have continued to stutter in the wake of interpersonal issues within the employees, the professional communication barriers and a host of other reasons. The individual influences could also be in terms of their misunderstandings due to which they are unable to manifest their ethical best within an organization. As an example, the discussion on the ethical issues centers on the Fuld & Co. which is a competitive intelligence consultant organization that tried to instill the role of the ethics within its employees through different hypothetical scenarios. This was concerned with the comfort levels that existed when presented with the ethical dilemmas linked with the collection of business intelligence information. The survey discerned that nearly one-third organizations neither follow the information collection procedures nor have the audacity to share the same with their employees (Light, 2011). This was indeed a gross mistake on

Comparison Of The Health Services In U.S And Brazil Essay

Comparison Of The Health Services In U.S And Brazil - Essay Example Moreover, demographers have been able to prove that over the past few years, trends such as divorce and marriages were diverging according to education. Also, demographic trends indicate an increase in the elderly population, with the trend in the age structure expected to increase from 40 million in 2014 to 80 million over the next 15 years (Nascimento, 2013). This implies that by 2032, the number of people over the age of 65 will be more than those who are below 15 years of age. At the same time, the number of potential workers per retiree will be few, as the social and financial costs of the aging population will be increasing. Without any behavioral and policy changes, the fiscal burden experienced by individual taxpayers and workers will skyrocket. In Brazil, however, there has been a decline in the fertility rates in the past few years. This has had severe consequences on the demographic pattern of its pyramid with information collected indicating an increase in the number of o ld people. However, despite this increase and a decrease in the number of children, the young age group remains to have a higher proportion when compared to the US. As a result, Brazil’s demographic trend shortly will still have an elderly population that is less than 10% and characteristically, it will be composed of the â€Å"young-old† who will be between 60 to 69 years of age. In the US, the infant mortality rate stalled, placing the US among the worst rated nation, in nations that have developed.

Career Development Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Career Development Assignment - Essay Example Having a variety of options opens up a multitude of choices for my future career. First consideration that I should take is passion – where does my passion lie? Is it in serving others? Is it in exploring sites and sounds or is it in running my own business? I have decided to approach it in two ways: in the short-term, I would like to learn as much about the industry as I can. Therefore, my decision was to get involved in the services sector. I would like to target a hotel management trainee position, in the likes offered by Tangloom Resort, which provides a comprehensive understanding of all the aspects of the services sector for the industry. With that I will have exposure on the variety of roles that I can take, at the same time, be exposed to the tourism industry aspect of the resort service. A resort-type of environment offer challenges in meeting more variety of nationalities and cultures. Having spent the first five years of my career being exposed in those aspects of t he industry, I will now have to look at my long-term plans. In the long-term, I would like to prepare for retirement. Thus, my experiences in the short term should be able to bring me an opportunity for a long-term career and gain experience and resources, especially financial resources, for a respectable employment. At this point, I have yet to paint a clearer picture of the long-term goal. Having limited exposure to the industry and what it can offer me financially, I cannot complete my long-term plans. However I look forward to taking the path towards my short-term goal which exposes me to the possibilities in preparing for my long-term plans. To set me on the right path, I will focus my learning plans to my short-term goals. I will make sure that my curriculum covers the necessary courses to provide me with tools to be successful in the hospitality industry. During summer, I will take up

Ethics on Surrogate Mothers Essay Example for Free

Ethics on Surrogate Mothers Essay Sometimes couples who cannot conceive a baby by themselves choose to use a surrogate mother, where another woman carries their child. One way of surrogacy is when a woman whos unable to carry a baby to term, but is otherwise fertile, has her embryos transplanted to the surrogate mother. The eggs might be fertilized by the biological father or by artificial insemination if the male has fertility issues. In other cases, a surrogate mother is in fact the biological mother of the child as her very own eggs are used to create the embryo. In certain states, such as Arkansas and Delaware, surrogacy is illegal. Even in states where surrogacy is allowed, it can be quite a complicated process for the non-biological mother to be named as the parent, particularly in cases when the surrogate is the biological mother. The surrogate must sign away her maternal rights so the intended mother can adopt the child. If the sperm of the adoptive mothers husband was used to fertilize the egg, the biological father is named on the childs birth certificate. Many states require a legal contract be drafted between the couple and the surrogate and her spouse or partner detailing all arrangements concerning the pregnancy and birth. The parties involved with a surrogacy contract should seek the advice of legal counsel to be sure that pertinent issues are addressed and that the contract is in compliance with state and local laws involving surrogacy and adoption. Sometimes a surrogate mother changes her mind and refuses to give up her child. However, in states where surrogacy is allowed, the biological mother usually doesnt win custody or visitation rights. Typically, the surrogate and the parents sign an agreement to avoid this from happening. Nonetheless, there’s always the possibility that the surrogate mother might win her case. Many surrogacy agreements state what the surrogate can and cannot do while pregnant. But ultimately, the parents should trust the surrogate mom to do whats in the best interests of the baby. Issues may develop whenever a surrogate breaches the agreement by smoking, abusing drugs or consuming} alcohol while pregnant. As with any pregnancy theres always the possibility for medical or obstetrical troubles, which may hurt the baby or the surrogate mother. For starters, theres the chance of transmission of contagious disease to the surrogate when another womans eggs are transplanted into the surrogate. Because of this, both biological parents should be prescreened. In case a surrogate develops problems in the beginning that put her life at an increased risk, she may want to end the pregnancy. Another issue that may arise is if health practitioners discover learn that the fetus has possible birth defects and other health concerns. In that situation, the parents may choose they cannot continue with the surrogacy. This generates all sorts of legal issues, especially when the sperm is from a donor or eggs other than the surrogates were used for pregnancy. The problem then becomes who gets to determine whether to proceed with the pregnancy. Even though some people see surrogacy as baby-selling and look down on a female who is a surrogate, in recent years surrogacy has become more of a recognized practice. However the ethical issue remains concerning whether a female whos being paid for her surrogacy is exploiting infertile couples and entering the agreement for money. Others begin to see the infertile couple as exploiting the surrogates body and taking advantage of a female who needs money. Another issue, a couple that would adopt a child would be rigorously screened and be assessed to their suitability. This would not be the case with surrogacy. Some people who would be restricted from adopting could avoid this process by using a surrogate. One of the key issues is with regards to surrogacy is it is impossible to determine the risks involved in the surrogacy process. A surrogate needs to be informed of the potential risks to her health and the possible psychological trauma she can suffer. There should a moral requirement for all parties involved to consider the welfare of the child born into any agreement. However, surrogacy raises the debate of people’s â€Å"right† to have children. If we refuse the option of surrogacy, are we discriminating against the infertile? The first recorded case of surrogacy in the United States was in 1976. Noel Keane, a lawyer, arranged the first surrogacy agreement between a surrogate mother and the intended parents. This mother was not compensated financially. Afterwards, Keane went on to create the Infertility Center, which arranged hundreds of surrogacy agreements every year . However despite the numerous ethical issues at stake, statistics show that there has been an increase in the numbers of women who become surrogates. From 2004-2008 the number of infants born to gestational surrogates had doubled. The Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology reported from 738 infants born to over 1,400 from surrogate births. However, the amount of surrogacies annually is likely to be more, as many fertility centers dont report to SART. Additionally, there are couples who enter private agreements with a surrogate where agencies arent involved. References Pacific Connection Fertility Services: Surrogacy Yale New Haven Teachers Institute: Ethical Problems Surrounding Surrogate Motherhood Dr Rebecca Gibbs, North East Essex PCT, Surrogacy, January 2008. http://www.northeastessexpct.nhs.uk/public_29_01_2008/surrogacy-policy.pdf

Cultural Differences in Nonverbal Communication

Cultural Differences in Nonverbal Communication Physical appearance plays an important part in non-verbal communication. It encompasses all of the physical characteristics of an individual, including body size , skin color , hair color and style , facial hair, and facial features. Physical appearance is readily observed and reveals many aspects of psychosocial function  [2]. A persons physical appearance reveals a great deal about that person. For that reason one needs to take care of his/her look prior to participating in oral communication, especially in business setting. For instance, a clean, neat, appropriately dressed individual conveys a positive self-image, knowledge and competence. A dirty, careless or inappropriately dressed person conveys the message that he does not care about his or her look  [3]. The presence of body odor, poor hygiene, and badly dressed clothing may be associated with any of the following: depression, incompetence, impaired cognitive abilities, limited financial recourses, overwhelming care giving responsibilities, impaired vision or smell, or deficiency in access to or inability to use bathing facilities  [4]. Physical appearance includes physiological characteristics, such as eye color and height, as well as ways in which we manage, or even alter, our physical appearance. For instance, many people control their physical appearance by dieting, using steroids and other drugs, coloring their hair, having plastic surgery, wearing colored contact lenses, and using make-up  [5]. Physical appearance has an influence on communication since one evaluates others in interpersonal exchanges  [6]. Based on physical qualities one may make inferences about others personalities. Although these inferences may have no factual basis, they can affect ones personal and s ocial relationships as well as decisions about hiring, placement, and promotion  [7]. It is crucial since the first impression made during interaction lasts long. For instance, if a young intelligent man who graduated from the university with distinction and wants to get a job. However, every time he would come to a job interview, he would get rejected by potential employers who would reason he doesnt suit them. The real issue behind those rejections would be that he has a problem with the smell that comes out of his mouth. Besides problems with the smell of the body, the color of ones skin can also influence the outcome of communication and affect communication process. For instance, certain individuals will not communicate with persons who are of a particular race or ethnicity.  [8]  In such cases, communication will be difficult to realize, since it is a matter of choice that is already made by that person who prefers avoiding interracial communication and his opinion would be difficult to alter. There was a situation in Russia when an eleven year old school girl from Poland refused to play with a boy from Nigeria because he was black Another situation occurred in the daycare center in the USA where a small boy would not let Afro-American staff touch him as they looked dirty to him. Neither would he want to play with children of that race  [9]. Different cultures have different values of physical appearance. For instance, Western culture places an extremely high value on physical appearance and on specific aspects of appearance  [10]. Consequently, miscommunication may occur when a person with an inappropriate appearance from a different culture will attempt to conduct a conversation with a person from Western culture, who will perceive him or her incorrectly. The traditional African societies perceive full-figured bodies as signs of health, prosperity, and wealth, all of which are considered necessary. African Americans who support this value acknowledge or prefer women who weigh more than the ideal model for European American women or Caucasians  [11]. During intercultural communication, people will perceive each other differently and will demonstrate an attitude that they usually do in their culture. Improper usage of physical appearance in intercultural communication and setting such as a religious institution or a corporation may result in miscommunication or even violence. Hence, one needs to adjust his/her look to a setting in which s/he will interact in the hosting culture. However, paying attention only to how one looks would be insufficient if one has problems with bad smell. Olfactics Another aspect of the oral communication is odor of a communicator. As mentioned before, the interaction with a person who has bad smell can be the cause of failure to obtain a job. Olfactics is the study of communication via smell which is the least understood of all senses  [12]  and refers to the use and perception of smell as related to communication  [13]. Smell is a code that is almost exclusively nonverbal  [14]. It is a term for odors and scents as well as our perception of them  [15]. Smell is a very strong signal to most people, closely connected in many set of circumstances to strong emotions  [16]. The amount of human brain devoted to olfaction is a very large portion. Odor is first detected by the olfactory epithelium in the nose, which starts a chain of events that leads to an information flow to olfactory bulb and limbic system of the brain, which pays a key role in regulating body functions and the emotions. Smell is the only sense linked directly into the limbic system, which may be evidence of its being our most basic, primitive sense  [17]. A tiny organ in the nasal cavity that responds to chemicals such as pheromones and natural substances plays a role in basic human emotions such as fear, hunger, and those which are related to sex  [18]. Smells are almost constantly processed in a holistic manner  [19]. Most smells activate olfactory responses but there is a difference in perception of smell based on gender. Women can detect odors in lower concentrations, identify them more accurately, and remember them longer than men  [20]. Heterosexual men and women respond to the pheromones of the opposite sex with increased activity in the hypothalamus connected to sexual behavior. Lesbians respond with elevated hypothalamic activity to the estrogen -like pheromone of other women  [21]. It is possible to recall an event that occurred months or years ago when similar smells encountered again smell as such smells are a powerful memory aid  [22]. Hence the first impression lasts longer and that is why it needs to be good, which is why people use perfumes, soaps, and body deodorants to convey a particular image to others or to cover up natural odor which is related to hormones and DNA structures and is too a part of the olfatic code  [23]. There are many ways in which smell is applied. One of them is in aromatherapy. Aromatherapy is the application of oils of flowers, herbs, and plants to make people feel better, which was widely practiced in ancient Chinese, Egyptian, and Indian civilizations and is widely applied today in Belgium, England, France, Germany, and Switzerland. Besides, fragrance is used in the workplace in Japan in order to enhance efficiency and reduce stress among office workers  [24]. Another application of smell is in marketing because advertisers believe that smell is important. For instance, Mike Gatti, the executive director of marketing at the National Retail Federation stated: A lot of retail companies use it, and its purpose really is to keep customers in your store, to create this welcoming environment and it works; it does keep people in your store longer. It helps people feel better in their shopping, and in a lot of cases causes them to spend more money.  [25]  Fragrance strips in magazines enable consumers to sample a perfume.  [26]  In other words, smell is used as a method of persuasion in mass communication. Likewise, smell refers to body odor. Certain cultures are sensitive to any body odor; others conceal body odor with perfumes and colognes; and still others find the odor of perfumes and colognes unpleasant. Generally, body odor is affected by the food one eats; interesting enough, those who eat meat have a different body odor  [27]. Since Attitudes to body odor vary considerably across cultures, they can sometimes cause problems  [28]. People will react positively or negatively to other people based on the way they smell. A persons smell remains in another persons long after he or she has left the room. For instance, citizens from the United States consider body odors, bad breath, perspiration, or too much cologne to be offensive. In turn, as clean as US inhabitants think they are, many cultures consider their smell offensive. Because people of the United States eat much more meat than people in many other countries, their body odor is different from those who are from other coun tries in which more vegetables and fish are consumed. Japanese and Filipinos are raised to be very conscious of different odors and often complain about the way US Americans smell. Although U.S inhabitants tend to be uncomfortable with natural smells, Middle Easterners and Filipinos believe being able to smell a friends breath is pleasing. Without knowing how culture perceives odors and how one is expected to react to odors, one is not able to behave appropriately in business environment. Lack of knowledge in the olfactics area has affected many business transaction  [29]. Here is an example how smell can affect someones career in intercultural communication: A medical doctor from Saudi Arabia was completing an internship in a hospital in the southern United States. Problems arose when patients refused to have the Saudi doctor examine them. Interviews with patients revealed two problems: he smelled bad and he breathed on the patients. The doctors orientation had apparently failed to include the incongruence between Arabic and U.S American perceptions of smell.  [30]   In order to be accepted by people from other cultures, an individual needs to adopt the hygiene practices of the country he is visiting or in which he is conducting business  [31]  . Unfortunately, that medical doctor, being in the US, was proficient only in English and Medicine. He didnt have sufficient communicative competence to avoid the misunderstanding described above. Proxemics Besides smell, there is a need to take a look at another aspect of communication that leads people into misperception of each other proxemics. It is the study of personal space and how humans use distance in general. This term was first used in 1963 by an anthropologist and researcher Edward T. Hall  [32]. Proxemics relates to spatial distance between persons interacting with each other, and their orientation toward each other. Individuals generally divide their personal space into four distinct zones. Edward Hall identified four spatial zones: Intimate space 0- 1, 5 feet. For family members and beloved. Personal space 1, 5-4 feet. For friends. Social space 4-12 feet. For strangers. Public space 12 feet-and more  [33]. Proxemics is nonverbal communication that deals with physical distance between people. When someone moves into intimate space with another person who does not want to be intimate with him/her, that person, whose personal space is trespassed, is likely to become uncomfortable and put up barriers. This situation is also known as invading the persons space. People who feel that their space has been violated will step back or cross their arms. However, if an individual stays within the social space zone with a close friend who prefers to be in his personal or intimate space, this may result in negative feelings  [34]. Proxemics is the communicative aspect of personal space and or territory. Everyone is believed to be encircled by an invisible zone of psychological comfort that follows us everywhere we travel. That invisible zone provides persons with a lot of nonverbal information regarding the level of trust and intimacy that an individual has for other people. Cooperation is a key factor in the street negotiation and its participant must be able to read the level of comfort of the person s/he is dealing with and must take into consideration the amount of distance that an individual needs to be comfortable while being dealt with. Knowing the dynamics of personal space will also prevent one party of the interaction from unknowingly violating their counterparts personal space and causing unnecessary tension. Distance between people depends on power and authority that a person has. People who possess the most power and authority command a greater amount of personal space that they can entitle as their own. They will often distance themselves from other people of less power around them. Confident people, and people of higher status, are comfortable going straight to the center of the attention while lower status, or non-confident people, to tend to have near the exits or the back of the room  [35]. The comfort zones vary drastically between cultures. Arabs and Americans differed significantly in proxemics, the Arabs interacting with each other closer and more directly than Americans. The differences in distance between subjects from different Arab regions were smaller than those in different American regions. Arabs interact much closer to each other. Latin Americans exhibit less closeness than Arabs, but still interact much closer than Anglo Americans. Interactants stand farther apart and the frequency of tactile contact diminishes as one goes from Central to South America.

Factors that influences consumer buying behaviour for fast food of mcdonalds

Factors that influences consumer buying behaviour for fast food of mcdonalds Introduction: In the recent period of time, there has been a hasty change in the food habits among UK residents. Fast food is in United Kingdom since medieval age, it wasnt exactly 21th century fast food but somehow similar to todays fast food. Fast food has become a popular trend of British culture as it is been carried a long way since Roman Empire. The basic roots of fast food are coming over from America but fast food was in different form in every country. It started getting into more of a worldwide business when globalisation started its role. It is now one of the multi-million pound industries which boost the UK economy. Fast food was revolutionised in 1902 with the introduction of the automat in America, where customers started to line up for readymade foods from the display counters or vending machines, paid and either left or ate the food on the premises. The restaurant which made its first move into UK was KFC in 1965 following the step, pizza hut came into the market in the year 1973 a nd then the global fast food leader McDonalds jumped in the year 1974. (Fast food nation, 2009) In 1940s, McDonald brothers introduced new concept of Speedee Service System which revolutionized the restaurant business, the benefits of their system was advertised as Imagine- No carhops-No waitresses-No Dishwashers-No bus boys-The McDonalds system is Self-Service (Scholosser,E, 2002..P20) In the past few years fast food has industry has faced many criticism, people are getting more concern about healthy diet. Government interaction in to business by banning the advertisement in certain places as well as many campaigns and programs are raised following the health awareness among the people. People are getting against the salted chips, high fat meals and many other issues. Why fast food is been considered and its expansion in United Kingdom Every day many people are consuming fast food and for many people it is a regular evening dinner. Fast food is developing and expanding immensely. A recent survey carried out by BBC world, 2008 shows that 45% of people in UK are likely to agree that they liked the taste of fast food too much to give it up, as well it also reveals that people in the UK are Europes highest fast food consumers which is due to the popularity of fast food chains in their favourites list. Consumers are having a growing desire for fast food and UK consumers trying to put McDonalds on the safer side in the economic crisis with sales in 2008 beat last years. The per head spending of UK customers in 2007 was  £82 in fast food restaurants which is predict to go higher and it will benefit chains like McDonalds and burger King. (Data Source: Caterersearch, 2008) The United Kingdom national statistics in 2009 (Kent K, 2009) suggests that unique nature of working force has increased due to the rise in numbers of women working as the employment pattern and style of student including international students and many foreign workers has been increased. According to Schlosser E (2002) with increased mobility and the expansion of urban areas people spent more time in their workplace. This was also paired with an increasing number of working women in the workplace thus leading to less time allocated for food preparation at home, supporting the argument Glazer F (2009) provides evidence in the research that working moms are more concerned about lack of time to prepare meals in compared to moms who is not working. In such a way, some three quarters of the family food budget was initially spent on fast food meals. Kent K (2009) This increase in the work force from migrant workers, foreign students as well the increase of women in work force has made a big contribution in fast food success, considering London as the location of this study it is clear that it is the most diverse city of UK with different cultures sharing their views and rituals in the city. The fast food has also been driven by multi-cultural people in London, London is considered as one of the most diverse city in the world and where a marketer can expect a diverse buying behaviour too. Many cultural and communities are based in London and the city also expect the numbers of tourist every day, all these different cultures have their unique taste. The multicultural customer has base has forced the marketers to include diverse taste and they have to consider the demand of their multicultural customers. McDonald has taken the initiative by promoting the different cultural promotional menu for example: Chinese food promotion and recently launched Indian chicken tikka wrap. The food giants are keeping the diverse customer base into consideration. Snackspot, (2009) The big brands are regularly expanding their menu in order to cope with the demand of the fast food customers. The fast food market is getting really high due to the number of consumers getting towards it; the industry is growing really rapid and fast food companies making better profits on daily basis. The branded fast food outlets and classic British cafes are the main chains in the industry, the restaurants and take away shops are deeply rooted on the British high roads and at popular shopping centres as well as retail parks, motorway and at many other places. Brandau M, (2009) a recent consumer research has found out that quick service restaurants have gained market through value of offering and premium menu which has helped them to go through post recession recovery, it is also been revealed that big fast food giants has gained a huge number of affluent customer base as well more typical fast food lovers in this economic downturn which is been named as barbell strategy. As the study show there has been a massive rise in the fast food consumption and every day it is more and more expanding. McDonalds is in the UK fast food market for long but recently there has been a fierce competition between Technology has played its role in almost every business. Technology could be used from improving business to attracting customers into the restaurant. Smithers R (2007) the idea of launching the free internet service in the McDonalds restaurants have helped the company in getting number of customers into the restaurant, Liddle A (2005) also they are teaming up with Nintendo to promote its portable Nintendo DS to attract the gamers, it is kind of great promotion which is building a brand image and it can attract many teens into the restaurant. The Wi-Fi concept has attracted many students which can help them in savings money on internet. The fast food giants have also started taking card payments few years back which proves to be a convenient method of payment ignoring the hassle of change, card payments has no minimum payment restrictions in many outlets and can be used also for 20p sweet chilli sauce in McDonalds. The card concept was upgraded by Barclaycard arrival of contactless t echnology which was successfully launched at McDonalds. Chain Store Age (2007) mentions that according to a survey conducted by Visa, the use of card payments in the quick service restaurants has been rated a more convenient experience, around 82% consumers agreed with the fact and 77% agreed that it pursues them buy whatever they desired because they were not limited to the cash in their wallets. Pietrykowski B (2004) mentions that fast food industry has faced many critics from many groups in the previous years and its still facing problems from the media and also from the government, in the year 1986 there was campaign started by an Italian which was named slow food movement, at present it comprises 77,000 individual members representing 48 countries, Slow food (1989) We are enslaved by speed and have all succumbed to the same insidious virus: Fast life, which disrupts our habits, pervades the privacy of our homes and forces us to eat fast food, so slow food is now the only truly progressive answer, Walsh B (2008) names this movement as the anti-fast food, anti-industrial and anti-agricultural movement. Whereas Pietrykowski B (2004:12) states slow food movement seeks the preservation of local foods and cuisines by creating and strengthening networks of social relations between consumers and makers. In return the fast food companies introduced healthy options in their menu ad ding fruits and nutritional information as well reduce salt to their food. Fast food giants are also keeping up the demand by expanding their menus and trying different promotional tactics. Fast food is considered as an easy key and recently with the added values to healthy food and also by adding organic ingredients and food to their menus; it is drawing attention to many new customers. Glazer F (2009) mentions that McDonalds recently launched the global moms panel to advice the company on issues such as balanced food and communications with the families as well as launched moms quality program insisting on the chains quality and safety standards, hence the food chain has taken a family step towards their products and launching such campaigns can create a better trust among their consumers. Sky News (2010), McDonalds has achieved this success by following these steps in to their business as well as their performance was aided by its superior value at every level of the menu, helpin g it to push up sales increased by double digits and full year profits growing up to 6% to  £2.83 billion. Life style impacting the fast food industry and cultural influence on fast food advertisement and its consumption London is been considered as one of the business capital of the world, similarly one of the most diverse city in the world too, hence the lifestyle of the city is much different comparing to other UK cities. Economist (2003) mentions that before when people needed fatty hot food, they had to cook it. So they had to spare time and energy, this has discouraged the consumption but now the mass preparation of fast food took away that concept, nobody has to make big effort and nobody has time. The lifestyle of Londoners is getting more and more hectic. The fast food trend has taken the effort of cooking out from the house to the giant fast food companies, people do not mind eating in trains, busses as long as it saves time. Londoners are getting into work more in comparison to previous years in London. Kent K (2009) The image above shows the different cities of United Kingdom, which shows London having the highest employment rate in the recent years and again, Economist (2003) the proportion of women going out to work is probably the main force pushing the time-saving trend, Britain is considered as a topper in convenience food league as well as the working women league. Within an increase in employment there has also been a change in the working hours of British people, Summerskill (2000) mentions that it is one of the main reasons of time poverty and fast food consumption in Britain. People are working long working hours possibly with few breaks and many doing antisocial hours (typical night hours), or they take second and third jobs to meet their own needs. In UK, one in nine workers do more than 60 hours a week, antisocial working hours and working extra hours are very common, especially in retail industry as many are getting 24/7. (Dailymail, 2008) A research conducted by Oxford Economics c onsultancy suggests similarly there has been rise in the income which has made the living standards in Britain better, the living standards were been calculated taking GDP in to consideration. Another lifestyle based factor is individualism, which is much common in London because of many foreign workers and students. Arndt M (2007) In general, the heavy consumption of fast food is a single man in his mid-20s who has a professional job that pays above average wages. Hence the lifestyle is much responsible for the success of the fast food market. Marketers need to consider many things when they start promoting a particular brand or product. As the world is not homogenous, there is a difference in choice even in the same culture. If we consider London, there are number of multi-cultural people living in the city. A company in order to get success cannot really rely on just one common culture. Rugman A (2001: 583) suggests that globalization does not, and has never, existed in terms of a single world market with free trade, cultural differences has divide the world into the triad blocks. In United Kingdom, Schiffman L, Kanuk L (2007) there is many different societies and culture residing in other term subculture. Subculture is set of people with distinct belief and behaviour, it differs from mere social grouping, is awareness of style and differences in style, language or other phenomena and more complex society. The fast food companies focus on particular subcultures in order to gain the market and to make the advertisement wo rk. Types of subcultures followed by companies in segmentation Schiffman L, Kanuk L (2007) McDonalds has used the concept of sub-culture by diversifying few of their London based restaurants into Halal restaurant, which is certainly a part major muslim community in London. Similarly KFC has followed the same step and has turned 74 out of 700 of their restaurants into Halal certified restaurants, their products are been approved by recognised Muslim association and certificate is been displayed at their restaurants (KFC, 2010). United Kingdom is a very diverse country and considering the fact about the different ethnic backgrounds, fast food companies run different events and food promotions in order to attract the consumer towards the brand and towards their product such as oriental menu taking Chinese into consideration and chicken tikka wrap attracting Indians and Pakistani. Furthermore McDonalds acts according to the location. McDonalds restaurant Location Segmentation steps Manhattan, New York The target customers are working class people coming for breakfast or lunch Maastricht, Netherlands Jakarta The target customers are families with children, with big playgrounds surrounded by swings, slides etc. The target customers are youngsters and yuppies. Ghauri, Cateora, (2005 P-22) In this competitive period of business, the fast food companies cannot do business without taking international business dimensions into the business. It not only helps to gain the local market but it also helps to gain success in the cross border trade. The marketing polices may be needed to change according to different market culture. Fast Foods heavy investment on advertisement Without a strong recognisable brand name a product is no more than a commodity, with out advertising there is no recognisable brand name. (Wright R, 2000 P-89) Consumer buying behaviour depends mainly on awareness and recognition which is achieved by advertisement. Advertisement can be consider as a way of communication, almost all advertisement contains a persuasive element of sales but it also creates brand and should also deliver a motive. (Sargeant A, Asif S, 2000) The above gives an idea how the advertisement is conducted and which factors are been consider when an advertisement is carried on. In UK, McDonalds identified the need of co-ordinated marketing and advertising policy, in order to gain the market, a company should find out what the customers want, develop products to satisfy them, charge them the right price and make the existence of the products through promotion. McDonalds is now the biggest single brand advertiser on British television. Promotional activities and special suggestive selling within the restaurant have a tactical role to play in getting people to return to the restaurants regularly. All franchisees benefit from any national marketing and contribute to its cost, currently a fee of 4.5 percent of sales. (The times, 2009) Consumer buying behaviour and Marketing Mix For a person to make a decision, a choice of alternatives must be available. When a person has a choice between making a purchase and not making a purchase, a choice between brand x and brand y, or a choice of spending time doing A or B, that person is in a position to make a decision. Consumer decision depends on many factors, human brain has two hemispheres one on left and another on the right. It is important for an advertisement to appeal to both sides. This means combining the rational dimension with the emotional component in your brand proposition. If they build a brand personality for a product that has both an emotional and rational appeal then they are appealing customer decision making. (Schiffman L and Kanuk L, 2004), a various index of repetitive purchase go after a similar buying decision which can be determined through brand, products and other factors. (Ehrenberg, 1988:28) Knowledge of consumer buying behaviour can help the companies to identify the needs of consumers better and that can lead towards market success. McDonalds is one of the worlds best familiar brands, and the consumer buying decision affects from many point of view. A repetitive purchase can only occur if the companies deliver consistently. A model of consumer buying behaviour is shown below which can be applicable to many companies and it helps to identify the consumer buying decision. The model describes the customers perception towards different purchase factors, these factors runs through consumers mind and after a while the consumer can come to conclusion of purchase or no purchase. The Times (2006) has conducted a study on McDonalds, The consumer takes number of external and internal factors before making the buying decision. Psychological factors are important, e.g. what image doest the product give or how the consumer feels when purchasing it (eg; pound saver menu for quick bitters). The advertisement of the product has to be linked with the realism of the consumer buying behaviour, if the advertisement matches with the consumers emotion then the result will be positive. It is called a black box model. (Kotler, 2004) Jill McDonald, Chief marketing officer of McDonalds UK reveals their idea behind the advertisement of McDonalds that they always try to be clear and confident about what they are and what they stand for and they convey in a simple language consi dering every single person to understand their message as McDonalds have always been customer oriented. Although (The times, 2006) it is essential that the messages which are being communicated by the company to their customers supports each other and there should be brief understanding keeping brand aspects in the communication and the target audience should be rolled out into action which may include purchase of a product or referring to their friends or family etc, the core concept in consumer buying process is to make customer feel positive about the product and (Achenbaum 1989, Lindsay 1990) it is quite fact that advertising is the best source in influencing the consumer buying decision and to build a brand image. (ODoneell C, 2005) Marketing mix supports companies marketing and business strategies whereas mix includes price, place, product and promotion, (Kotler P, Armstrong G, Wong V, Saunders J, 2008) mentions that the marketing strategy is linked with the marketing mix in order to achieve the companys marketing aims and objectives, the marketing mix acts as a toolkit in order to establish a strong marketing hold in the target market. A company may use one marketing mix to reach one target market and can differentiate second one to achieve the target market. (Pride W, Hughes R, Kapoor J, 2009) Schieffer R, Leininger E, (2008) McDonalds has successfully marketed their product to their targeted customers and has developed well positioned offerings for a manageable group of target segments, which is an effective marketing mix, offers (Baker M, 2003) a right product that meets the customers demand, that is of effective cost to the customer and it effectively delivers the quality and usage of the product which can be purchased with the utmost convenience. McDonalds customer profile is very diverse, family visits with their children for a treat, kids visits McDonalds for fun and youngsters visits considering price and the business customers may visits for a quick service. The specific target can be simple to communicate and the company can convey their message in an effective and efficient way. McDonalds have also tried to offer a product which is demanded by their customers, Jim Skinner, Vice president of McDonalds limited mention (Schieffer R, Leininger E, 2008) that McDonalds always focus on good customer service, quality product and hygienic cleanliness in their restaurants, as well as they always giving tips on management Mr. Skinner mentioned face the facts, listen to your customers because they will tell you what really matters. The company should always keep in mind that they are not the only one offering the product or service, a customer have a choice unless there the company holds a monopoly of particular product. McDonalds has to consider the competitors and taking them into consideration they have to revitalise their menu. The product life cycle is much important for a business to float regularly in profit and with good brand image. (Marketing, 2009) McDonalds has successfully launched new chicken legend burger chicken selects in competing with KFC for their spicy chicken strips, in their menu in the past year as well introducing fish fingers in their happy meal selection. The company also launched a range of healthy products including the organic milk and they introduce ethical standards for their coffee suppliers. McDonalds brand has gone to the basic of marketing communications; the new product launched is typically marketed through television and newspaper advertisement. (Justin M, 2009) following this mantra McDonalds always improve their products and services. In order to sustain in the market McDonalds has always been innovative in their products and it will continue to do so. In the below mention diagram the chicken legend and chicken selects product of McDonalds are the recently launched new product or innovation of McDonalds, where as one can say that their popular burger Big Mac is at the maturity stage. (Strategic Management, 2005) Similarly (Haines S, 2008) the price of the McDonalds product reflects the targeted customers decision to purchase the benefit; it represents a link between the pricing rationale to value, revenue volume of the product, McDonalds has always maintained their product when there is reduction in the price in order to compete in the market, usually many companies face the quality issue when they reduce the price of a particular product or services, as the customers mentally thinks that the reduced price products are not really same compared to original product quality. Kurtz D (2008) explains that the pricing objective varies from company to company, the main areas to consider in price objectives are probability objectives, volume objectives, meeting competition objectives and prestige objectives and McDonalds follows a mixture of this objectives into their business. References http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=P_ovoY2ZcbkCpg=PA255dq=marketing+mix+modelcd=1#v=onepageq=marketing%20mix%20modelf=false

The Green Mile Essay -- Essays Papers

The Green Mile For my third quarter book report I read The Green Mile written by Stephen King. This book is about an old man, Paul Edgecomb, recalling his experiences when he worked as the cell block captain in Cold Mountain state penitentiary. Paul was the cell block captain of death row in this Alabama correctional institute. This story takes place in a nursing home. The narrator Paul is writing a book about when he was cell block captain in 1932. During the time he is writing his book he points out how people never change, how there is always the bully, and so on. He compares writing the book to a time machine. Both seem to take him back to 1932, and every lasdetail is clear. This book made me feel involved. As the reader you start off in the nursing home, with Paul, and ...

Characteristics of an Ideal Entrepreneur Essays -- Entrepreneur

What an Entrepreneur Is An entrepreneur is a person who finds it worth risking, especially in term of his or her finances, in a particular project with a hope of introducing new related ventures that will culminate into visible success financially (Foley, 2006). Sometimes, an entrepreneur can also be taken to mean a person who is in the verge of organizing a virtually new project and targeting to use previously unused channels after discovering a hidden opportunity in the eyes of others. Evidently, in both cases, there is a risk factor and therefore maximum care and guided moves are things to take care of first. More often than not, the term entrepreneur is employed in a business context. Some other people argue that entrepreneurship is not a real profession. No, not until one has started something that can be seen on the ground. In short, one cannot create fame in the name of becoming an entrepreneur by just portraying mere intensions nor even when the whole planning of scope and schedule are complete. A person will be termed as an entrepreneur once the first foundation stone is laid on the ground. That means that the effectiveness of one’s ideas is crucial. Therefore the qualities or characteristics of such a person must enable a confident kick-off and somehow guarantee success. Characteristics of an Ideal Entrepreneur An ideal entrepreneur must be innovative enough. This means that his or her venture must be backed by relevant knowledge and creativity but encased in achievable limits. Past experience and technical knowhow are integral components that will enhance confidence and enthusiasm while kick starting. In most cases, entrepreneurs act as revivers of a falling business by convincingly intervening with new ideas and ap... ...l of Developmental Entrepreneurship. 8(2), 133-151. Fuller, D., & Dansic, P. (1999). Indigenous Australian and self-employment: small enterprise research. The Journal of SEAANZ. 7(2), 5-28. Harper, L. (2010). 5 Successful Australian Entrepreneurs. Mademan.com. Retrieved 04 21, 2012, from http://www.mademan.com/mm/5-successful-australian-entrepreneurs.html. Rola-Rubzen, M.F. (2009). Critical success factors for aboriginal businesses in the desert, DKCRC Working Paper 38, Desert Knowledge CRC, Alice Springs, Retrieved 04 22, 2012, from http://www.desertknowledgecrc.com.au/publications/downloads/DKCRC- Working-Paper-38-Critical-Success-factors-for-aboriginal-businesses-in-the-Desert.pdf. Thomson, J. (2010). Our Top Female Entrepreneurs. SmartCompany. Retrieved 04 22, 2012, from http://www.smartcompany.com.au/entrepreneurs/20100304-female- entrepreneurs/2.html

Cyp 3.1

cyp 3. 1 P47 2. 2 Explain how children and young peoples development is influenced by a range of external factors. Lack of finances – economic factor (parents may be unemployed) – The child will miss out on additional opportunities by not being able to attend after school activities such as swimming/music lessons, sports activities (tennis, football, gymnastics) or extra tuition. – Affecting social, emotional, physical, intellectual development. Inadequate housing poverty – Poor housing conditions may affect the child’s health and chances of developing through play if they live in a small over crowded house.The house may have damp (mould) not enough finances to provide adequate heating in the winter months, which will affect the child’s health. Lack of or unsuitable furniture/equipment – The child may not have a proper bed or blankets this will affect the child’s health if they cannot get enough rest/sleep, no safety equipment f or babies/young children – stair gate, plug socket covers etc†¦ which could cause the baby/child to have accidents or come to physical harm.Community social factor – Living in built up Inner city areas where there is antisocial or challenging behaviour within the community – parents may feel it is unsafe for their child to play in the community, the child may become involved through peer pressure to join the group/gang. There may not be sufficient local facilities for the parent to participate in activities with their child. The social infrastructure maybe lacking . e. g. play group’s, playgrounds, community halls where after school clubs are held.Diet personal choices – Lack of finance may mean that the child is not being provided with a sufficiently healthy nutritional diet. Low income families may buy foods that are a lot cheaper such as processed foods, these foods have higher levels of fat, salt and sugar – this can lead to poor co ncentration, lack of energy, obesity and many health problems. Education – Again lack of finances might lead to the child falling behind in their education – lack of study books or equipment, no access to the nternet – helping with their homework/research. Parents may not be able to afford school trips so the child may be affected emotionally and socially, feeling isolated or alienated from peers. Motivation and aspirations – The child/parent may feel despair living in inadequate housing conditions as well as the struggle of financial difficulties, may lead to anxiety, depression for child or parent, affecting the child’s motivation to learn and thrive in education.Lack of adequate parenting skills – Not encouraging their child to develop, not reading to the child, not engaging in activities that interest the child, not communicating with their child or others in the right manner (aggressive, shouting, swearing, ignoring or degrading) or par ents with antisocial behaviour, will leave the child feeling inadequate, having low self esteem, poor emotional, social and communication development. Addictions – The child may grow up in a vulnerable household where parents may be alcoholics or drug abusers, this will cause further financial problems for the family unit.The way in which the addicted parent cares for their child will have a detrimental affect on the child’s development as they will be incapable of providing a stable, nurturing and safe environment for their child. As the parent is consumed with their addiction they may neglect the child’s physical, emotional and intellectual needs. The child may take on the role of the main carer of the family (younger siblings as well as the parent) as the parent is incapacitated by their addiction.

How Is Othello Viewed By Others And How Does He View Himself Essay

The Shakespearian tragedy Othello is a f commensurate of immensely melodying opinions where graspingly rules prevalent over the flawed, exclusively heroic stellar(a) use. With racism yet alive today, the occurrence that this fount was of dark hide brocaded up to without delay much controversy nearly the Shakespearian era.The audience that would stupefy starting viewed this reckon would devote had prec erstptions virtually the temper and the role that Othello would ensue. Due to the stereotypical and racialist view invests that concourse held at this time, dingy was in any case a people of colour associated with evil or de formity, therefore the section of the black Othello was expected to be violent, suspicious, punic and nigh the ilkly associated with witchcraft. Shockingly, especially for the people of the Shakespearian era, Othello does non relate to this sort and is in f consummation quite the diametrical at the start of the fulfil- the calm an d impregnablely composed grammatical case. Some of these stereotypical black traits as yet argon indeed operaten in the cultivate, but controversially from a nonher reference work, the washcloth Iago, who incidentally dictations the role of the evil homosexualipulator.Othellos character is drawed to the reader in his composed first words- Tis better as it is. The line creation just straight off a half-line ratifys his characters firm but comfortable constitution, needing only to check out the cookled necessary in to each champion situation. As his individualality take cares to be so inviolate and wise, it is un mutual that Iago deems Othello as an short target to manipulate- will tenderly be lead by the nose as asses are.Iagos obvious crime for Othello is overly emphasised byout the race by his disregard and lack of view towards the character. He constantly makes racist comments intimately Othello to others, but never to Othello him ego, engagement h im- Barbary horse to Desdemonas father and stating that he does despise the bind off to Roderigo. flat when referring to the ostensibly harming consanguinity that engulfs both Othello and Desdemona, Iago demos ignorant and contumelious mannerisms, reducing their physical make out to wolf level- old black ram is tupping your sporting ewe and showing that he manifestly does non agree with this martial pairing.Iagos veritable(a) character is hinted at early on in the tragedy, where in adept of his longer actors linees he finishes- I am non what I am. This points the reader towards Iagos accredited colours, which are rarely launch openly on show. His willingness to manipulate and dart advantage of other characters ( ofttimes(prenominal)(prenominal) as Roderigo) in order to force Othello into the deepest amount of get at try outs just how much of a ingenious and dangerous actor Iago mint be. The map managing techniques he uses passim the play portray just ho w determined Iago is to truly upon Othellos breeding and the lengths that he is vigilant to reach in order to get r purgege upon Othello for not awarding him the idealized promotion.It is therefore often difficult to line Iagos true feelings and attitudes towards Othello as he constantly adjusts his viewpoint to suit that of his company, for framework when in the company of characters such as Othello, Desdemona and Cassio, Iago speaks of Othello positively and even at one point presents a contrasting emotion- My lord, you contend I love you. However, when characters such as Roderigo and Brabantio are in attendance, he at one time again insults Othello naming his supposed arrogance- loving his experience p freee and purposes. Al yardgh it is apparent that he has strong hatred towards the character, the reasons behind this hatred are never totally discovered. The reader is left(a) to decipher whether the feeling is pile to ungovernable racism or dark green-eyed monste r, or even a mixture of both. as yet when Iagos shrewd plan is foiled towards the conclusion of the play, his attitudes towards Othello allow off remain constant. He shows no feeling of remorse and depicts himself as a party holding myopic guilt- I told him what I judgment and told no more than what he found himself was dexterous and true Although this statement if looked at distributively is actually truthful (Iago never once stated that Desdemona and Cassio were in fact indefinitely committing adultery), the fact that Iago orchestrated the imaginary similarityship amongst Desdemona and Cassio and that he introduced dubiousness into Othellos mind in the k at presentledge that equivocalness could potentially ruin him, shows that he salvageness aims to manipulate even as the play draws to clo convinced(predicate).Iagos racist views however, are as well shared by other characters in the play, the main two named Roderigo and Brabantio. Although both these characters hold m ore personal motives to disengage their reprimand of Othello, Iagos manipulative skills again add together into force to emphasise their negative emotions.Until the net moments onwards his death Roderigo is only downstairs the influence of Iago and tends to follow his views even if they do not completely match his own. He racially shouts Othello in the company of Iago, naming him- the thick lips and lascivious Moor. These racial prejudices show that he as well as does not accept the itinerary of which Desdemona and Othello have an certain(p) bond, but his apparent hatred goes deeper than this disapproval. As Roderigo is intensely besotted with Desdemona he as well seems to be suspicious of her love for Othello and believes that the character is not good plenty for her, stating that she -hath do a gross revolt. For these reasons Roderigo travel prey to the manipulative Iago, becoming a pawn in his ever increment plot.Unlike Roderigo, Brabantio holds strong racist vie ws slightly Othello without the influential voice of Iago, showing a genuine condemnation of the relationship between his daughter and -the Moor. This view would have been commonplace in Shakespearian time, as even today principles of racial equivalence and sexual freedom are unluckily still far from being completely accepted. He shows legitimate discomfort when referring to the relationship, speculative how Othello could have possibly gained his daughters strain without victimisation some sort of treachery- Is there not charms by which the property of youth and maidhood may be vitiated?Brabantio as well finds it under underpinably challenging to accept that Othellos intentions of which involve his daughter are noble -Abused her delicate youth with drugs or minerals. These views would have again been shared by the Shakespearian audience, who associated people of dark skin with witchcraft and trickery. Brabantio may have prise Othello as a array beingness-wide, as a c su ffer acquaintance, and possibly even as a recall dose, but it is choke that he never considered Othello good enough to be a economize for his daughter.Characters that form negative or racist views towards Othello do rarely mention these ideas directly to his face, mayhap be shell of his peculiarity as a character, or possibly because of his incessant re personateation of being composed and carefully resilient with his language. to each one character that states negative views towards the everyday however is proved at the end of the play to be completely incorrect, and in about cases foolish.Not all characters view Othello in such bad brightness level conversely, most respect him as a hold up and honourable frequent, showing him corking verity and love- the Duke being one of these. He obviou chanceful sees Othello as a brilliant general and valuable friend- Valiant Othello we must(prenominal) uncoiled employ you against the general enemy footrest. Even when Brabantio, a close friend of the Duke, shows obvious racial disagreements towards Othello, the Duke stands up for the generals cause, stating to Brabantio that his -son-in-law is far more uninfected than black. This proves that the Duke does accept Othellos pagan background and believes that Othello does not hold the usual traits of the stereotypical Moor.Desdemona is unsurprisingly the character that can distinguish Othello as doing no wrong. Even after malicious attacks and verbal abuse from the general, Desdemona does not speak out against her love.Desdemona is irrational with Othello and this becomes apparent from her very first speech of the play where she states that if she is forced to choose whether to be obedient to her father or to Othello, she must choose Othello- So much I challenge that I may pretend due(p) to the Moor my lord. She continues with this loyalty end-to-end the play and clearly sees Othello as an genteel husband- to his honours and his valiant parts did I my soul and fortunes consecrate.Desdemona straightforwardly notes that Othello takes his race very seriously and portrays her understanding of this when pro sended by Cassio in order to regain his position of deputy sheriff- He shall in strangeness stand no farther off than in a politic distance. She respects this and endeavours to cause no harm to his reputation and ability. still on into the play -where jealousy has completely engulfed Othello- Desdemona defends him when interrogative sentenceed by genus Emilia just about whether Othello is in fact covetous, stating that Othello is incapable of feeling such as jealously- she sees him as just about god-like I think the sun where he was born(p) drew all such humours from him. In even the darkest times when Othello acts so awful and deeply unjustifiably, Desdemonas love for him still rules strongly over her heart- My love doth so approve him that even his stubbornness, his checks, his frowns-prithee unpin me- have grace and fa vour in them.On her death bed, moments to begin with she is to depart from the world at the custody of her loved one, Desdemona is still inefficient to speak out against him. She sees through his vicious acts and it is clear to her that the man she matrimonial is no longer the corrupted man that stands out front her. With her last words to Emilia she states that she doesnt hold Othello responsible for her death, and even at this perilous moment, names her husband well- Nobody I myself. Farewell. Commend me to my mannequin lord. She al substances manages to see Othello positively.Emilia herself, close linked with Desdemona and often mistreated by her husband Iago, quickly alters her opinion of Othello as the play progresses. Her attitudes towards men are already bitter and derive mainly from the focussing that Iago has treated her throughout their marriage. She seems to be a feminist and is able to stick up for women- but only in the absence of a male nominal head. For Emili a the elan in which Othello treats Desdemona only emphasises this feeling- they eat us hungerly, and when they are full, they belch us. Unfortunately it is evident that Emilia has not always feeling of Othello in this negative manner.She awards him the benefit of the precariousness as she recognises that his behaviour is becoming ridiculous and almost stumbles upon Iagos secret- Remove your thought. It doth abuse your bosom. If any wretch have put this in your head, let heaven retaliate it with the serpents curse Othellos last-place behaviour allows Emilia to justify her racist statements- O, more the angel she, and you the blacker match Othello at his most degrading point in the play reverts to the stereotype that he originally seemed so far from, even though it is apparent to the reader that his reactions are in fact more like Iagos. Emilias last-place acknowledgment forces her to make yet another racist comment and name Othello as gullible- Oh thou dull moor.Brabantios r elative, Lodovico, is the character that shows an obvious trade in attitudes towards Othello, in a strikingly short quadruplet of time. He undoubtedly thinks well of Othello to begin with his visit to Venice as he greets the general respectfully- God save you, worthy general and clearly accepts his ethnicity. For this reason, Lodovico is clearly shocked when Othello raises his hand to Desdemona and strikes her across the face, and states this surprise and utter suspense at what he has just witnessed from what was once a courageous general- My lord, this would not be believed in Venice, though I should state I sawt.This statement gives us a glimpse of how Othello is viewed by others universally. He is seen as a noble character, absent in the utmost(a) emotions now observe by Lodovico. Brabantios relative begins to question Othellos mental disposition- Are his wits safe? Is he not light of brain? and his attitudes have clearly now reversed as he now holds reservations about th e stability of Othellos character, whereas before he was sure that the general was of such a great confidence- Is this the noble Moor that whom our full senate call all-in-all sufficient?Lodovico departs from the panorama with a controversial and, obvious to the reader, juiceless line- I am sorry that I am deceived in him. This line shows that Lodovico has helpless faith in Othellos character, and feels almost cheated by what he has seen. It seems unfortunate that he feels as he does towards Othello, when truly as he even speaks the line, Iago is the authentic cheapjack culprit.Cassio, the object of hatred in Othellos eyes, does not genuinelyly say much about his attitudes towards Othello, but what he does say and what is said about his attitudes by others show what he truly feels towards the general. He apparently shows much loyalty towards Othello, he is his lieutenant and until jealousy sets in, a trusted friend.This is do apparent when Desdemona blasts to change her husb and jealous views about the unfairly treated Cassio -and so many a time when I have spoke of you dispraisingly hath tane your part (Desdemona about Cassio). Even after he has been the casing of mistake and malicious actions by the changed Othello, he still speaks of him well- For he was great of heart. This highlights one of Othellos tragic flaws. He is uneffective to make a good estimate of character, and seems to be enormously gullible, believing the sly Iago over the honest, but sometimes vain, Michael Cassio. Cassio obviously thinks well of the fast Othello.The views of the characters are highly varied when involving Othello, and these views are changeable throughout the entireness of the play. However none are as interesting and somewhat conf utilise as how Othello in fact sees himself. His character goes through three notable stages which seem to show great contrast and mixture with each other.At the beginning of the tragedy Othello is obviously a proud individual, and openly speaks about his noble background- I let my life and being from men of purplish siege. He is of distant relation to royalty, and for this reason carries himself with a certain gallant and noble manner. He has a shockingly high opinion of himself and this can sometimes be perceived as an take oning trait- my parts, my title, and my perfect soul shall manifest me rightly. He is dazzlingly confident in almost all aspects of his life and especially when it comes to his force service- For since these arms of mine had seven long time pith they have used their dear action in the tented field.He proves to be a powerful presence in areas where others would crumble and is passionate about his love for Desdemona, so much so that he is resilient enough to brook every topic in order to sustain their love- let your sentence even fall upon my life. This shows great strength in character and Othello obviously sees himself as a force to be considered with. At this stage in the play, Othello views himself as never having been a happier due to his love for Desdemona- If it were now to die, twere now to be most happy and makes a series of prophetically ironic statements, almost unknowingly hinting to the readers of what is to come- except I do love thee and when I love thee not, chaos is come again.The strength in character that we see from Othello throughout the beginning of the play is last seen in a conversation between him and Iago, concerning the infidelity of Desdemona. In his speech, we see Othello at his final point of rational sanity, which unfortunately due to Iagos manipulative skills, he is unable to keep up throughout the entirety of the playNo, Iago, Ill see her before I doubt when I doubt, proveAnd on the proof, there is no more but thisAway all at once with love or jealousyAfter this point in the play, Othellos view of himself slowly deteriorates. He begins to lose his self-confidence and control as doubt gradually overwhelms his mind. As the jea lously sets into his mind, he begins to search for reasons as to why his married woman could do such a thing and comes up with two points his age and his colour- unexpectedly for I am black, I am declined into the vale of years.Whereas before he would have stood by Desdemona and perhaps asked for the proof from Iago against his wifes infidelity, his troubled character now begs Iago to prove the exact opposite- be sure thou prove my love a whore. His suspect in Desdemona proves that he is ultimately a poor judge of character, and instead holds his evidence in Honest Iago. This reliance on Iago to help him judge Desdemonas true situation in fact becomes his down fall. His self-confidence has travelled from such a high to a low that he sees himself as no longer able to make conscious decisions alone.Othellos character almost completely morphs into that of Iago, both using extremely similar language and wight imagery at the time of Othellos extreme jealousy- Goats and monkeys, Or ke ep it as a cistern for foul toads to greyback and gender in This illustrates just how dependent on Iago Othello has become. He asks his opinion at almost every opportunity -How shall I murder him, Iago? This is a complete contrast from how the character was before his mind became jealous as he was before so sure of his each and every decision, so very self-assured. He now sees himself high-risk to lead his life without constant superintendence from his companion Iago.After being instructed, word-by-word, on how to unjustly murder his beloved Desdemona, Othello commits the grievous deed. Through this scene it is clearly illustrated that Othello has completely lost him mind, and in the words of Iago -He is much changed. He constantly contradicts himself, showing that he is no longer sure of what he is doing and sees only one way to regain his controlled mind- A murder, which I thought a sacrifice. After killing his wife, Othello shows no remorse as he feels that he, himself, has rid the world of an unfaithful being- Shes like a liar gone to impatient hell Twas I that killed her. In this way he seems almost proud of his act, but yet still in pieces from losing not only his mind, but in addition, his love.The final stage in Othellos personality transformation sees him return almost to his condition self- a controlled man, but this time with a huge sense of guilt and desperation laid upon his heart. He now sees himself as a monster, and begs for punishment Whip me poke fun me in sulphur In a desperate effort to regain control in the situation, we see Othello commit an act that would fit with his former character, he stabs himself.This shows that Othello now thinks so badly of himself that he claims enjoyment will be found in death- For in my sense tis happiness to die. We see Othello in his final speech attempt to reclaim any respect and decency from his characters, and asks them to regain him as one that loved not wisely, but too well and a man that was -not easily jealous but, being wrought, perplexed in the extreme. This shows that Othello has regained control over the final moments of his life and hopes to be remembered not for the tragic kit and caboodle he has committed but for his decencies and military service. He views himself as an unfairly guide man, that inevitably forged his own fate.In conclusion, Othello as a character is not only a controversial, but also travels on such a trip through personalities that he is able to change the opinions of those who once looked up to him. The troubled, aggressive and dispirited Othello we see at the end of play is a shadow of his former self and proves just how each and every person has strengths and weaknesses that can be carefully manipulated. The real Othello that we see at the beginning of the play is one that can never be regained once jealousy has set in, and this is clearly shown by the tragic ending to the play. Othello tragically saw himself as a strong character, but w as eventually shown to be a gullible fool at the hands of the evil manipulative Iago.

A Community Foundation in Lakeland Florida and its projects

Lakeland Florida is one and only(a) of the cities in Florida that is vested with so umpteen special features that make it so variant from the rest of the states. Lakeland has such a philanthropy, which makes it such a big part of the larger connection it has the kindest stack who ar rarified individuals in the way they dedicate themselves to diverse programs and systems do Lakeland so special. (Argandona, A. (1999)Needless to say whence is the fact that being such a good city with the surpass features there are so many community foundations in Lakeland ranging from sports, recreation, non-governmental and plain church organizations.One of the closely lifted and sound of these organizations is sports and recreation since Lakeland has the outperform sceneries and attractions that make so suited for this area. (Argandona, A. (1999) as the name suggests Lakeland Florida has so many lakes making fishing to be a amateur activity, childs play and even a enactment to bot h residents and non-residents.The Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation foreign mission (F. W. C) is one of the community foundations here in Lakeland. The F.W.C encourages and motivates families to enjoy and participate in the joys derived in fishing. Florida is well cognize and even titled as the capital for fishing in the whole wide world and the best location for such activities as compared to diametric states. (Lange, H. and Steinman, H. (2000).The organization as part of its activities willing once in a man give special treatment to the mountain of Florida and beyond, this take ons being eachowed to do fishing in the fresh public waters without licensing, ring are fitted to appreciate reputation and families are able to come unitedly and have fun. (Argandona, A. (1999)The organizations will in like manner at times give bonus programs where people fish for free, this is a way of progression and provides incentives in confused forms that add to the devisal and cost cutting. These fishing license presents are used for the fish and other wildlife conservation and maintenance purposes. They are alike a major source of funds for respective(a) programs like habitat restoration, adding stocks of fish and even manage their accessibility.The organization has also not been left behind in sponsoring competitions and tournaments a good example is Florida Senior Games plead Championship, where it enhances and promotes sports and ensures development of the same. (Lange, H. and Steinman, H. (2000) It is greatly supported by other organizations that also sponsor partly an example being the Blue gull Blue Shield of Florida, Performance Health, and makers of Bio freeze.Since Florida has one of the best training sites, it is such an economic asset to the State of Florida it generates millions of dollars for our state and therefrom acts like an economic engine. Lakeland has a lot to offer from the climate, which is conducive all grade round, best fans that are so supportive, it is able to attract tourists from all angles and corners of the world that support generate money for our rich parsimony.Since 1996, the Florida Sports existence help communities to attract sporting events all the year round this gives it good promotion and people identify new areas where they back tour on their holidays and get always. This organization has done Florida so proud and known all over due to its aptitude to keep up to date with on-line(prenominal) trends and development in technology indeed providing the slump services at the right time. (Lange, H. and Steinman, H. (2000)The Florida Fishing and Wildlife Conservation Commission also provides employment opportunities to the people of Lakeland Florida in various areas, it employs trainers, life savers, cleaners caretakers, managers at different levels of management and even recruits trainees to assist tourists. This earns the economy extra money in toll of labor inflow and also th e fee charged to those on training. (Argandona, A. (1999)The organization also does a lot in support the people to participate in the ground and state building of our state joyfully without complaining since they pay to have fun and the money so collected helps in development activities which goes to construction of more pedestal and also new projects are started to develop the same.Citizens are able to feel include and recognized it also creates individual corporate trust and self-discipline in all activities. (Argandona, A. (1999)Other activities include promoting health that goes to raising the life expectancy. In conclusion, the F.W.C is an organization to reckon with bearing in mind that it has made our sports and recreation to be such a big success.References1) Argandona, A. (1999), community of interests Projects, London Institute of Business Press.2) Lange, H. and Steinman, H. (2000), provision of Projects, London Kluwer Press.