Future Depositors Rate Of Return Applying Neural Network - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 3125 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Islamic bank has to perform good strategy which still confirm with the Islamic law in order to deliver better return to compensate depositor`s money. This paper is embarked on to identify the relative significance assigned to selection variables for depositor in maximizing their opportunity. In such case, it becomes very necessary to have a prediction of future rate of return in order to get a clear picture in making precise decision. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Future Depositors Rate Of Return Applying Neural Network" essay for you Create order This research used some key macroeconomic variables such as Jakarta Stock Indices (JSI), inflation rate (INFR), central bank`s interest rate certificate (INTR), exchange rate (ER), and money in circulation (MIC). Since these variables are characterized as nonlinearities time series data, Artificial Neural networks (ANN) will be employed using back propagation algorithm as learning algorithm. From observation resulted that central bankà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s interest rate certificate (INTR) and Money In Circulation (MIC) could be used as leading indicators to face the problem with 94.95% accuracy. Rate of return in Islamic bank defines as how much money will be received by depositor from their deposit in Islamic bank for one year which is that equivalent with conventional bank`s interest rate. Using profit and loss sharing principle, the Islamic bank must share the profit or loss to depositors based on predetermined profit and loss sharing ratio. So, the amount of return will be received by depositor depends on Islamic bank`s profitability which performance is affected by macroeconomic turmoil. Figure 1 shows comparison between interest rate and rate of return of an Islamic bank in Indonesia, PT Bank Syariah Mandiri for period 2007 and 2008.à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬This figure shows that rate of return of PT bank Syariah Mandiri seems so stabil compared with interest rate of Indonesian commercials and states bank. Moreover, from July 2007 to june 2008, PT Bank Syariah Mandiri provides higher return to its depositor then conventional bank. The steady expansion of Islamic banks has been the hallmark of the Muslim world financial landscape in the 1980s and 1990s. With a network that spans more than 60 countries and an asset base of more than $166 billion; Islamic banks are now playing an increasingly significant role in their respective economies (Hassan and Bashir, 2003). As the biggest Muslim country in the world, the growth of Indonesian Islamic banking industry is still far away behind Malaysia and Turkey. Indonesian Islamic bankà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s total asset accounted for USD 3.287 million compared with Malaysia and turkey, amounted to USD 34.543 million and USD 12.902 million, respectively.à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ Many researches about business cycle analysis in bank industry have been conducted but then most of them have focused on the implication of the changes of the macroeconomic variables to the banks profitability and delivering the result as recommendation to management or policy maker, especially in Islamic bank industry. [see for example, Meyer and Pifer (1970), al-Osaimy (1998), Cihak and Hesse (2008), Maximilian (2008). In contrast, this research, indeed, intends to helps depositor to understand which macroeconomic variables will significantly determine pricing of individual depositor`s rate of return in PT Bank Syariah Mandiri, the biggest Islamic bank in Indonesia and then use them to predict future rate of return. 1.1 Research Objectives The ability to predict future rate of return will enable depositors, especially individual depositors to take precautionary action to minimize their opportunity of loss. In this context, individual depositors might simply use some particular macroeconomic variables as indicator to predict the rate of return will be received, whether increase, decrease, or constant compared with previous period. 2. Literature review 2.1 Prior Methods used to Predict Business Cycle Many metholodologies have been developed on research related with business cycle analysis and prediction. Mayer and Pifer (1970) used Linear Probability Model (LPM) to predict bank failure. Al-Osaimy and Bamahramah (2004) and Cihak and Hesse (2008) used Multi Discriminant Analysis (MDA), Dewaelheyns and Hulle (2007), and Erdogan (2008), used Distributed Lag Model (DLM) and Logit. On the other hand, Kiani, Khurshid and Kasten (2006), and Hsieh, Liu and Hsieh (2006) used MDA assisted neural network to predict bankruptcy of Taiwan company. Although neural networks have demonstrated some success in this area, only a few studies, for example Al-Osaimy (1998) and Maximilian (2008) employed neural network in Islamic banking research. So, we believe conducting research in Islamic bank, might benefit from neural networks model. This research, therefore, employ the model that are considered to be highly flexible functional forms of nonlinear models to find possible predictability of Islamic ba nk`s business cycle, primarily on return generation ability in Indonesian Islamic bank by using a number of macroeconomic variables as independent variables since complex unstructured relationship among variables are often encountered in economics, Maximilian (2008).à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ 2.2 Superiority of ANN method Prudence (2002) declared at least two advantages of ANN method compared with other methods for doing prediction. Firstly, they are universal approximators of function in that they can approximate whatever functional form best characterizes the time series. That means, ANN are considered to be data-driven rather than model-driven (Argyrou, 2006) because they are best suited for problems for which data is available but the underlying theoretical model is unknown (Zhang, Patuwo Hu, 1998). It makes ANN superior than other statistical methods which ANN able to deal with non linear data and multi dimensional aspect. Secondly, ANN method have been proven to be better for long term forecast horizons, but are often as good as statistical forecasting methods over shorter forecast horizons.à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬Atiya (2001) summarized paper of Odom and Sharda (1990) which compared forecasting power between ANN method and MDA method. ANN achieved correct classification accuracy in the range of 77.8 % to 81.5% against MDA`s accuracy were in the range of 59.3% to 70.4% for predicting bankruptcy of 128 firms using financial ratios. 3.Methodology On constructing model to answer the problem, this research used bankruptcy theory which states that probability of default of the firm is a function of macroeconomic variables such as interest rate, foreign exchange rate, growth rate, government expenses, unemployment rate, and aggregate savings (Azis and Dar, 2004). It means that the ability of the firm in generating profit is highly influenced by changes in macroeconomic condition. Using profit and loss sharing principles, the ability of Islamic bank to generate profit and share it with depositor is also influenced by macroeconomic turmoil. Since the variables used are characterized as nonlinearities time series data, ANN model will be constructed using back propagation algorithm as learning algorithm by employing Alyuda Neuro Intelligent software version 2.2 and on a Pentium IV machine under Windows XP Professional platform. 3.1 Artificial Neural Networks Model (ANN) ANN is a branch of artificial intelligence which able to solve problem especially in pattern classification and recognition. ANN benchmark their prediction with actual results and constantly revise their predictions, improving forecasting capability (Wong, 2009). ANN modeling approach is useful for forecasters, and researchers who employ it especially in problems where data is available but the data generating process and its underlying laws are unknown. Maximilian (2008) adopted this method to modeling Islamic bank credit risk in Indonesia and concluded that ANN does overcome the problem of data sufficiency that limits many forecasting methods. ANN are treated as nonlinear, nonparametric statistical methods due to which these are independent of the distributions of the underlying data generating processes (White 1989). This research employed ANN model used by Kiani et al (2006) as can be seen below in model [1] f(x) = sig [ÃŽÂ ±0+ÃŽÂ ±jsig (ÃŽÂ ²ijxi + ÃŽÂ ²0j)] + ÃŽÂ µÃƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦[1] where, n is the number of hidden nodes in neural networks and k is the number of explanatory variables in the networks, sig (x) = 1/(1 + e-x ), ÃŽÂ ±j represents a vector of parameters or weight that link the hidden node to output layers unit. ÃŽÂ ²ij (i =1,., k); j=1,.., n) denotes a matrix of parameters from the input to the hidden layers units and ÃŽÂ µ is the error term. The error term ÃŽÂ µ can be made arbitrary small if sufficiently many explanatory variables are included and if n is chosen to be large enough. However, the model may over fit if n is too large in which in-sample errors can be made very small but out-of sample errors may be large. 3.2 Data This research attempts to use as much as possible of macroeconomic variables as input variables. However, considering availability of data and commonly used in Indonesian Islamic banking research area, this research uses some key macroeconomics variables which used by Maximilian (2008) such as JSI which issued monthly by Indonesia Stock Exchange (ISE), and INFR, INTR, ER and MIC which issued monthly by Indonesian Central Bank (BI). As output variables, the research used general (not special) rate of return for 1 month time deposit which issued by PT Bank Syariah Mandiri every month. These macroeconomic variables are incorporated in the model to be analyzed which one will be the most determinant in pricing individual depositor`s rate of return and then also to predict the future rate. For doing so, real monthly data for sixty months were collected from January 2004 to December 2008. This whole data set was then divided into three sets which 59 data used and 1 data as outlier (Septembe r 2008 was removed from the sample, table 1). The training set is a part of input dataset used for neural network training, i.e. for adjustment of network weights and the validation set is a part of data used to tune network topology or network parameters other than weights. The software will use validation set to calculate generalization loss and retain the best network (the network with the lowest error on validation set). Meanwhile, the test set is a part of input data set used only to test how well the neural network will perform on new data. The test set is used after the network is ready (trained), to test what errors will occur during future network application. 3.3 Analysis and Prediction Process The process of analysis and prediction can be seen in Figure 2. Each arrow connecting each node represents the information (in terms of weight) in one particular note that might influence the other node. The program puts an initial weight to each arrow which is updated during the iteration process (commonly called epoch) to arrive at the lowest prediction error of default probability as the output variable in the iteration process. The level of complexity and predictive accuracy on the model depends upon the number of nodes in the architecture, Maximilian (2008). The choice of the best neural network architecture is based on a criteria mentioned in the literature and adjusted to the case of neural networks for prediction. Simply put, the network with the best structure is the one that simultaneously fulfils all the following criteria: (1) It has the smallest training error; (2) It has the smallest test error; (3) It has the smallest difference between training and testing error and (4) It has the simplest structure. The background of using ANN in this research is that of allowing the network to map the relationships between macroeconomic variables affecting rate of return given to depositor. Once this relationship between inputs and outputs is mapped, it gives the model needed to create rate of return prediction using macroeconomic data that out of sample period which are January, February and March 2009. The accuracy will be evaluated on the basis of standard statistical measures like percentage errors, as following. Error = (Rate of Return Act) (Rate of Return Predict ) x 100% (Rate of Return Actual) for i=1,2,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦., N, where N is the number of testing data points. Rate of return actual data used were also out of sample period which are January, February and March 2009. After calculating the forecast error, forecasting accuracy will be calculated as;à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ Forecasting Accuracy = 100% percentage of error in forecasting 3.4 Using Alyuda Neurointelligence Argyrou, A. (2006) describes how to run Alyuda Neurointelligence to build the model`s architecture, train and then test the models. For all dataset, the input to Alyuda Neurointelligence resembles a spreadsheet. The rate of return column was set up as output or target variables and the respective variables are categorized as input variables and designated as numerical data. The data is partitioned into training, validation and testing sets (table 1). The à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“dateà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? column is included to facilitate the data partitioning; it is not part of the input to the models and plays no role in training or testing the neural networks. Subsequently, the input data must be pre-processed (i.e. rate of return and macroeconomic variables) to remove data anomalies, because such anomalies can degrade the neural-network performance. In this context, data anomalies fall into the following two categories: (1) missing values and (2) outliers (Alyuda Neurointelligence v. 2.2 User Manual ). In particular, missing values are values that are not known, resulting in blank cells in the input columns. Outliers are extreme values that diverge from the majority of column data. To identify outliers, the application use the following formula for every column; mean  ± standard deviation x 3.5. Consequently, for any column, a value that lies outside this range is considered to be an outlier and thereby is being removed. The next step is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“normalizingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? the input data to make it suitable for neural-network processing. The à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“normalizationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? essentially transforms the input data into a new representation before a neural network is trained. Bishop (1995) offers the following three reasons for input data normalization: (1) to ensure that the size of input data reflect their relative importance in determining the required output, (2) to enable the random initialization of weights before neural network training and (3) different variables may have different units of measurements, hence their typical values may differ significantly. All the input columns are à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“normalizedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? in the same way, because they all include numerical values. Alyuda provides only one method for data normalization as follows: Y= SRmin + (X à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Xmin) x SF Where: SF=(SRmaxà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"SRmin)/(Xmaxà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"Xmin); Y=Normalized value; X=actual value of a numeric column; Xmin=minimum actual value of the column; Xmax=maximum actual value of the column; SF=scaling factor; Srmin=lower scaling range limit; Srmax=upper scaling range limit; [-1..1]=scaling range for input columns. In the next step, we define the three properties before running the application. First, the logistic activation function are selected for all the neurodes regardless of the layer on which they reside. Second, the sum of squared errors is selected to minimize the output error function This is the sum of the squared differences between the actual value and the modelà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s output. For completeness, we restate that the neural network output falls in the range from 0 to 1 or from 0 to 100%, because of the logistic activation function. Furthermore, we run the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“exhaustive searchà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? to select the best possible architecture for the models. This process takes considerable time because it searches for the best network architecture among all possible alternatives in the specified range. Alyuda choose the best architecture for the model which is 7-17-1 that consists of one hidden layer with seventeen neurodes. In addition, the model has 5 active neurons and 2 neurons as date which plays no role in training or testing the neural networks. The output layerà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã‹â€ Olà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã¢â‚¬ °has a single neurode representing the modelà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s numeric output. In the pen-ultimate step, the model is trained with specific condition. The learning law is the backpropagation algorithm and both the learning and momentum rates are set at 0.1. The training stops when the model`s mean squared error reduces by less than 0.000001 or the model completes 20,000 iterations, whichever condition occurs first. All network`s parameters can be seen in the table 2 below.à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬Then, the model is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“testedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? against the testing set, resulting in their respective ex-ante prediction results. Alyuda Neurointelligence presents the results from the training and testing processes in the form of classification matrices. Finally, using out of sample data, we querying prediction of target variables from out of sample period which will be tested with actual rate of return of January, February and March 2009 to measure the model`s accuracy. 4. Results and Discussion The contribution factor resulted from the network shows that the INTR and MIC ranked first and second on determination of depositor`s rate of return in PT Bank Syariah Mandiri. INFR, JSI and EXR ranked third, fourth, and fifth (table 3). The significant macroeoconomics variables resulted (INTR and MIC) are similar with condition of Islamic bank in other countries such as Bahrain, Bangladesh, Iran, Jordan, Kuwait, Malaysia, Sudan, Tunisia, Turkey and United Arab Emirates. It is reported by Ahmad and Haron (1998) which explained that interest rate and money in circulation had a significant relationship with Islamic bank`s return on capital. It means that both macroeconomic variables give significant impact on delivering return to Islamic bank`s depositor. The results of applying neural network model to do prediction based on those five variables show in general very good (table 4). The trained network was applied to the training data set and showed that its quality is outperform thorough value of Absolute Error (AE) and Absolute Relative Error (ARE). The most generally used characteristics of continuous values are RMSE (root mean squared error), AE and ARE. RMSE and AE are absolute (independent of the output value module), ARE is relative. All these values define the deviation of the predicted output value from the desired one. ARE is an error value that indicates the quality of the neural network training. This index is calculated by dividing the difference between actual and desired output values by the module of the desired output value. The smaller the network error is, the better the network had been trained.à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬Table 5 shows the actual values of out of sample period used to query prediction result from the ANN model. Network provided 99.17% accuracy in predicting RR of January 2009.à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬The results were slightly decreasing when predicting February 2009 and March 2009 which are 92.79% and 92.88%, respectively. That prediction resulted from actual variables which out of period sample in this followi ng table 6. Nevertheless, this network give satisfactory result for RR prediction of three months upcoming period for 94.95% accuracy in average. 5. Conclusion In this paper, we have specified an empirical framework to investigate macroeconomic determinants of Pricing Individual Depositor`s Rate of Return in PT Bank Syariah Mandiri. Based on the results of the empirical analysis, interest rates certificate of central bank of Indonesia and money in circulation significantly determine pricing individual depositor`s rate of return. By implication, these variables can be used by depositor as leading indicator to predict future rate of return. Therefore, in order to maximize their profit opportunity, depositor should pay considerable attention to these macroeconomic indicators. It should be considered that this paper is limited in one particular bank even though the bank is the biggest Islamic bank in Indonesia, so this result might be different when it is implemented in other Islamic bank. Through the continuous adoption and application of neural networks, this research, at least has fulfilled its primary aim of providing an indicator based to build understanding to depositor about the nature of Islamic banking which offers profit and loss sharing principles that create investment relationship. This research also indicates that an Islamic bank is not stand alone bank since economic turmoil strongly influenced its profitability.

How to Do a Tombstone Rubbing

Tombstone rubbings are commonly used by family history researchers as a method for preserving a tombstones inscription. Learn how to do a grave rubbing safely, and when to use an alternative method of cemetery documentation. How to Do a Tombstone Rubbing Get permission. Check with the cemetery or with the state or local historical society to learn if tombstone rubbings are permissible. This practice has been banned in some areas and cemetery locations due to the damage it can cause.Be sure that the tombstone that you have chosen is sturdy and stable.  Do NOT do a tombstone rubbing on any stone that is wobbly, flaking, chipping, crumbling or otherwise unstable. Take a photograph instead.If allowed, clean the tombstone with plain water and a soft bristle (natural or nylon) brush.  Scrub the stone from the bottom up to avoid further streaking and staining.   Flush well with water when you are done. Again, do not do this on a stone that is crumbling, chipping or flaking.Cut a piece of plain white paper, butcher paper, rice paper or Pellon interfacing material to a size slightly larger than the tombstone. You can obtain rice paper from art supply stores and Pellon from craft and fabric shops.Tape the paper or fabric to the graveston e.   Make sure that it is secure so that it wont slide as you are rubbing and cause a blurred image, and that it ​covers the face of the stone completely so that you wont get marks on the tombstone when rubbing. If you have someone with you to assist, then you may prefer to have them hold the paper to avoid any possible damage from using tape.Using rubbing wax, a large crayon, charcoal, or chalk, gently start to rub along the outside edges of your paper or material, carefully working your way in. Or you may choose to begin at the top and work your way down the tombstone.Rub lightly to start with, and then apply more pressure to darken in the design if it suits you. Be very careful and gentle so as not to damage the tombstone.If you used chalk for your grave rubbing, then carefully spray the paper with a chalk spray such as Krylon.  Hairspray is another alternative. Be very careful not to get any on the tombstone.When the rubbing is done, carefully remove it from the tombs tone and trim the edges to suit your liking.If you used interfacing for your tombstone rubbing, then place the material face up on an ironing board with an old towel over it. Press down with a hot iron (dont use a back-and-forth motion) to permanently set the wax into the fabric. Tips for a Better Tombstone Rubbing Interfacing material is an especially good material for tombstone rubbings because it doesnt tear and folds without creasing for easy travel.Caught without supplies? In a pinch, you can use  green leaves to do the rubbing as long as you can put your hands on some paper.Consider other methods of preserving the tombstone inscription such as photographs or foil casts as an alternative to the potentially damaging tombstone rubbing.Practice makes perfect! Before going to the cemetery, contact a local monuments store to see if you can practice rubbings on one of their tombstones.Check local laws before visiting the cemetery. Some countries dont even allow tombstones to be photographed without the permission of the cemetery keeper.Be sure to pick up any trash and leave the cemetery just as you found it.

Are There Risks And Confidentiality When Conducting On...

Are there risks to confidentiality when conducting on-line counseling? Yes there is risk to confidentiality when conducting online counseling. Online counseling does not guaranty discretion there are security breaches and there as well as other security measures that have not been thought of to help keep and protect privacy (Coleman, 2000). Another breach that could occur as far as confidentiality when conducting on-line counseling is breach in data, WIFI and or secure networks, like using public computers and or public non-secure WIFI. These sources of accessing the internet have been known to have security breaches all the time. For example in recent news OPM has a had a security breach for its government and contract employees where all of their private information had been hacked into this includes any information you had to give up on your neighbors and any foreign information that was part of your background check as well as all personal and identifiable information, This breach violated all HIPAA training and requirements. Also online counseling can leave space for misunderstandings of information received and observed which can result in mismanagement, negligence’s and better opportunity for incorrect diagnosis or treatment (Coleman, 2000). 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Katherine Mansfields Miss Brill Essay example - 618 Words

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She partakes in a ritual in which every Sunday she would spend the entire afternoon at the local park eavesdropping and obser ving the people around her. In her mind everyone around her is apart of her unadorned existence when in fact Brill only sits alone seeminglyRead MoreKatherine Mansfields Miss Brill Essay example1122 Words   |  5 Pageslife† is defined as characterization. Miss Brill by Katherine Mansfield displays the character of Miss Brill as the protagonist, confronted with the reality of her existence. In the short story Miss Brill, by Katherine Mansfield, an elderly woman spends a Sunday afternoon visiting a seaside park as part of her weekly ritual. As a developing character, Miss Brill is forced to face a harsh reality from her routine events. 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Through the character of Miss Brill, Katherine Mansfield reveals a woman who has the ability to enjoy a simple world of her own elaborate creation. Miss Brill is a single woman, probably in her mid to late fifties. She lives alone in a very small space withoutRead MoreCharacter Sketch of Miss Brill in Katherine Mansfiel ds Miss Brill644 Words   |  3 Pageslonely they can begin to exhibit strange behaviors, they can become paranoid, hallucinate, or project inner thoughts into their realities. Most people who are lonely usually live alone and prefer to be a closed off from the outside world. In Miss Brill by Katherine Mansfield, she shows her loneliness by using others peoples lives for her enjoyment, for thinking she and everyone else was on a stage, also by snapping to reality when treated with cruelty. However, not having any companions, such as, friendsRead MoreEssay about Katherine Mansfields Miss Brill967 Words   |  4 Pagesshort story quot;Miss Brillquot;, by Katherine Mansfield, is about an older woman who doesnt have any people around her that love her. Because of this isolation she makes things up in her mind to compensate. A person who doesnt have any significant others in his/her life may create an alternate reality to make up for what they dont have. If Miss Brill realizes that wh at she believes isnt reality, she can become broken and emotionally devistated. Through the setting , Miss Brill herself, her valuesRead MoreEssay about Katherine Mansfields Miss Brill627 Words   |  3 PagesIllusion vs. Reality in Miss Brill Miss Brill by Katherine Mansfield is set the Jardins Publiques in France. Every Sunday Miss Brill looks forward to getting dressed up and visiting the park, where she enjoys people watching. Her weekly visits to the park are undoubtedly the highlight of her week, bringing her great joy and satisfaction. There are many illusions in this story, in this essay I intend to show three different illusions Miss Brill uses to make herself happy and how her realityRead MoreThe Insignificant Soul in Katherine Mansfields Miss Brill Essay914 Words   |  4 Pages Miss Brill: An Insignificant Soul nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Every Sunday, Miss Brill looked forward to a wonderful day in the park. There, she would secretly dive into the lives of the surrounding human beings, taking in each of their words and actions and creating a fantasy world all of her own that she was sure she belonged in, but she was mistaken. Her fantasy world does crumble, and Miss Brill, the protagonist in the short story, â€Å"Miss Brill† by Katherine Mansfield, soon finds herself in

Comparing Two Adverts Free Essays

Compare the two adverts The two diverse adverts I have selected to analyse consists of a Rimmel London mascara advert and a vegetarian â€Å"fight the fat† advert. I will discuss in detail the purpose of each advert, the layout, Language and audience amongst many other qualities these two adverts consist of. The purpose of Rimmel Londons advert is to inform females who are specifically interested in mascara of the Rimmel Londons â€Å"NEW EXTREAME BLACK MAGNIF’EYES MASCARA†. We will write a custom essay sample on Comparing Two Adverts or any similar topic only for you Order Now In doing so this advert is very persuasive as they would like their product to be bought. In comparison, the second advert annualised, is a healthy eating organisation. This PETA. org. UK advert is being used in order to persuade adults (someone other than a â€Å"child†) not to feed children meat as it â€Å"is child abuse†. Moreover this advert is being used to advertise the organisation supporting this claim and inform the audience of their web address. The objective to Peta. org. uk is to deter children from eating meat and communicate the idea that meat has a consequence on a child’s health and adult should not feed them it as they are causing them harm. Likewise, Women aged between eighteen and above are the targeted audience for Rimmel London’s product. I am given this impression as Kate Moss; a successful ‘cool’ style and beauty icon (many men love and women look up to) is the model being used to display and promote this product. This is an advantage as it would boost Rimmel London’s sales due to the fact that many women would purchase this product satisfied with Kate’s involvement and simply in order to feel beautiful, like Kate moss and model material. As with the Peta organisation advertisement, the audience this advert is being subjected to is everyone, although it is mainly for anyone other than a â€Å"child† yet imperative for parents. This advert uses the burger which is a common unhealthy food yet favourite to some, to attract the attention of their audience, everyone. However, a wide eyed obese child eager to consume the burger is being used in order to attract the attention of other children and parents. This image along with the adverts heading is very ironic and would shock parents above all as the child in the image is eating a substance which is â€Å"abusing† them. â€Å"Feeding kid’s meat† is not often related to â€Å"child abuse† although parents will relate to the image greatly for they would compare their child/children to the boy crossing the ine of morbid obesity in the picture. Popular Rimmel London mascara advert uses a wide range of persuasive techniques in order to boost the sales of their product. Such techniques include statistics, as the advert states â€Å"70% MORE VERTICAL LASHES†. This statement is a large claim and readers would be extremely amused by it , furthermore it is produced in capital letters in order to gather the reader’s attention and compliment its extremity, as with other statements in this advert. The name in which the product is labelled with plays with words cleverly, giving the impression that who ever purchases this product will immediately have magnificent eyes â€Å"MAGNIF’EYES† this clever conjunction additionally encourages the â€Å"BREAK THROUGH EYE MAGNIFIER BRUSH† Rimmel London have achieved. Standard English is the language used in the two adverts, however the statement â€Å"Feeding kids meat is child abuse† is written in as a matter of fact and not opinion. By doing so, this misleads readers along with being very controversial, as not many would agree with it. However now that many readers (parents) are informed of the negative opinions regarding meat, it is there obligation to research this claim and find out whether or not they are abusing children (their child). As this advert promotes healthy eating â€Å"FIGHT THE FAT† is a part of this advert slogan. This statement is not only alliteration but also a representation of the type of food they are encouraging, vegetables. The use of alliteration lightens the situation yet â€Å"GO VEG† gives the impression of a protest which portrays the determination and seriousness of the situation. â€Å"BLACK ON BLACK† again is the heading and example of alliteration used in Rimmel Londons Mascara advert. This phrase is not only used to describe the extreme colour of the mascara but also used to describe mutual violence between the African races, as a result the use of this phrase could trick a quick reader of African heritage as it relates to them, and therefor this advert would be receiving the attention of a wider audience. The choice of adjectives and nouns are to the highest standard. An impression of a fresh product is what I am given when I am presented with the word â€Å"NEW EXTREAME†. The Audience would feel honoured to buy a product which is so recent and exceedingly great in degree. â€Å"Outstanding lash lift† the use of this adjective marks the excellence in which this mascara lifts your eye lashes. By purchasing this product, women would believe that their eyelashes would extend as long as Kate’s (in the advert) when applying the ascara; although the picture has been edited by Photoshop and is in fact not her real eyelashes. â€Å"DOUBLE HIT† also indicates to the audience that they are purchasing two in one; the mascara does not only achieve length, but also volume making the audience feel privileged enough to purchase this product. Similarly the â€Å"BREAKTHROUGH EYE MAGNIFIER BRUSH† gives the impression that in order to make this product Rimmel London h ave overcome a restriction and have in turn achieved success which will allow their further progress. The writing is placed clearly with maximum of two rows at the bottom of the page in insure Kate Moss’s face is not hidden and make the reading easier for readers. As for the healthy eating advert white is the chosen background colour given. In doing so the audience’s full attention is directed to the writing making the background not at all a distraction but complimentary to the writing. A large font size is used in order for readers at first glance to read the statement. Two font sizes are used in this add one smaller than the other. The natural colours used are red, blue and green in order to portray the healthiness in the subject. The website is highlighted in order for it to be clear and concise for the audience in order to get in contact with the organisation. However the feminine use of the colour red (both in the background and font) not only attracts their attention of the Rimmel Londons audience, but also sets the scene and feel of this mascara making it an irresistibly, feminine and lustful object every women should own and not be without. The Black circle used in the background of Kate in addition gives a hypnotising effect to in order the audience to be given the impression that once this mascara is applied everyone will be mesmerised. The magnified image of the mascara brush gives the audience a scientific perspective into how minuet the brush bristles are making them even more wondrous. The Small font size is ironic as it complements the mascaras objective, whereas the use of white font is given in order to make the reading simple for the audience and is also used to highlight â€Å"Rimmel† to give awareness of the mascara brand. In conclusion the two adverts analysed contrast greatly, factors including the amount of design (Rimmel more than Peta), purpose of each advert, audience which the two adverts are aimed at alongside many more important factors, although the two adverts fit under the category of health and beauty. In my opinion the two adverts where indeed correct in how they communicated to their objective to the chosen audience making both as successful as each other. How to cite Comparing Two Adverts, Papers

Go and catch a falling star Essay Example For Students

Go and catch a falling star Essay The poem â€Å"Go and catch a falling star† is written by the humorous poet John Donne who often wrote poems about love. In this poem too Donne talks about love using his traditional caustic remarks and ironies. The title of the poem give the reader the basic essence of the poem. As it is known by all it is not possible to â€Å"catch a falling star†. Falling stars are a cause of great destruction and hence the poet compares a falling star to the nature of women. He shows that the nature of a woman is similar to a star; both are destructive and will cause damage. Throughout the poem the author uses extreme pessimism towards his attitude for women. The idea of him being against women is seen throughout the poem in the form of he considering women as unfaithful. This idea is emphasized using effective figures of speech. Donne takes metaphors from myths, the holy bible, and common beliefs to stress his message upon the readers. An archetypal example would be a â€Å"Get a child with a mandrake root.† In this metaphor the author uses the fact the pregnancies cannot occur because of the mandrake root, to compare impossibility with reality. This pessimism is continued with use of metaphors like â€Å"cleft the devils foot† and â€Å"teach me to hear the mermaid’s singing. These metaphors create a sense of impracticability as mermaids, along with the devil are non-physical and forged aspects of stories, myths and interpretations. In the second stanza too, Donne uses numerous figures of speech to depict how he finds women unfaithful. He uses hyperbole throughout the stanza in â€Å"Ride ten thousand days and nights† and â€Å"Till Age snow white hairs on thee†. The exaggerations create a cohesive effect implying that man may spend uncountable number of days on an expedition to find a â€Å"faithful† woman; but even if his hair turns grey he will not succeed in doing so, as such a woman does not exist. Donne uses the hyperbole to such a high extent to try to win over his audience and to prove his point that faithful women exist â€Å"No where†. The writer makes use of an metaphor in â€Å"Such pilgrimage were sweet. Yet do not, I would not go†. This depicts the harsh view and the strong skepticism of the author towards true love. In this metaphor he compares true love with a pilgrimage as both of them are long and enduring journeys. The author refuses to go for a holy and spiritual journey like a â€Å"pilgrimage†. This implies that the author would not fall for the concept of â€Å"true love† inspite of others indulging in it as the author metaphorically compares pilgrimage to true love. In the last four lines of the poem Donne becomes most censure and strongly chides against the female sex. They potray women as an extremely unfaithful species which easily betray the male sex. In the final line, Donne deliberately drops the word â€Å"one† signifying that it is obviously out of question. By these final lines, he delivers a devastating blow against the little hope he carried throughout this poem destroying it in to pieces ironically to convince the readers that he is not being pessimistic but just being realistic. The poet in the whole poem has built up a pessimistic image of women labelling them as unfaithful. This is rather ironical as usually men have the nasty image of being unfaithful while women generally tend to hold relationships together. The poem makes use of words of old English as the poem is written back in the 16th century. The poem makes use of various figures of speech, this helps the author paint a clearer picture in the audience’s mind. .ua7a04af54592ea3a42c2280da37887a8 , .ua7a04af54592ea3a42c2280da37887a8 .postImageUrl , .ua7a04af54592ea3a42c2280da37887a8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua7a04af54592ea3a42c2280da37887a8 , .ua7a04af54592ea3a42c2280da37887a8:hover , .ua7a04af54592ea3a42c2280da37887a8:visited , .ua7a04af54592ea3a42c2280da37887a8:active { border:0!important; } .ua7a04af54592ea3a42c2280da37887a8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua7a04af54592ea3a42c2280da37887a8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua7a04af54592ea3a42c2280da37887a8:active , .ua7a04af54592ea3a42c2280da37887a8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua7a04af54592ea3a42c2280da37887a8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua7a04af54592ea3a42c2280da37887a8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua7a04af54592ea3a42c2280da37887a8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua7a04af54592ea3a42c2280da37887a8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua7a04af54592ea3a42c2280da37887a8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua7a04af54592ea3a42c2280da37887a8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua7a04af54592ea3a42c2280da37887a8 .ua7a04af54592ea3a42c2280da37887a8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua7a04af54592ea3a42c2280da37887a8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Harlem Renaissance Poetry EssayThe poem is divided into three stanzas, each uniform at 9 lines. The rhyme is evident in each of the three paragraph, with the rhyming patterns of stanza one and stanza three being similar. This could be because Donne’s conclusion states that find a faithful woman is impossible is analogous to the impossible tasks in the first stanza. There is an individual idea expressed in each of the stanzas, each one is made coherent with use of various figures of speech. The 7th and 8th lines of each stanza, placed prior to the last line explaining what the true meaning of each stanza is, are significantly shorter –containing only two words - than the other lines. Thus each stanza has an introduction, a raising action, a climax, a falling action and a conclusion. This is yet another one of his techniques used to build up the suspense and deliver his message to his readers successfully. This poems gives the readers a huge insight into the lives of Donne. Donne’s skepticism towards true love is probably reflective of some harsh experiences faced by him. He might have suffered setbacks in his relationships, where women would have betrayed him with other men. This probably had a deep impact on him and caused him to write the poem. This poem could be Donne’s way of expressing his anger, by cursing the entire female sex. He would probably be believing in anti-feminist theories, believing that males are â€Å"better† sex because of the female sex’s unfaithful nature.

Pursuing My Career in Forensic Science Essay Example For Students

Pursuing My Career in Forensic Science Essay Gandhi once said, Be the change that you wish to see in the world.   Because I know that change begins with me, this is a quote that inspires me to keep working to make the world a better place. It all started in my childhood, my parents were drug addicts, and my brother was in and out of the judicial system. The only person in my family that I could really look up to was my big sister. She is the main person who pushed me to get through school and further my education to become who I want to be. The career that I will be pursuing is a forensic scientist. One reason as to why I want to be a forensic scientist is because in a way I would be helping people, which I really enjoy doing. The best feeling in the world is the feeling that I get after Ive helped someone. Just knowing that Ive helped someone make a positive change in their life is a great feeling; I also plan on displaying my ability while attending your University. Another reason why I would love to be a forensic scientist is because it has always been my desire to work in the criminal justice field. Ten years from now I could see myself as a big time forensic scientist working on TV shows, such as CSI or Criminal Minds. Due to the barriers that were set before me and the things Ive seen going on around me, I strive to be a better person. I want to help people make better choices in their lives, and take the road to success. For example my little sister looks up to me as her role model, and I want to lead her into a good direction. I will do so by taking my positive attitude and showing her that she should never give up on her dreams no matter what she hears on her way to achieving those goals. Everywhere I turn I have people telling me Oh, youre not going to stick with your major  or You cant do it , but I am determined to prove them wrong the same way I am proving them wrong now. They said that I wasnt going to make it through high school, and that I was going to be a drop out like the rest of my family, but yet Ive made it this for and Im not stopping. I have to be a good example for my sister and show her that certain people may say certain things because they dont want to see you succeed in life. Therefore, it all ties back to Gandhis quote. I have to be able to see the positive change in myself first, such as not following in my brother and my parents footsteps, achieving my goals by going to college and becoming a forensic scientist, and by ignoring all of the negative aspects in my life before I am able to see a positive change in the world.